文章目录
一、模板
1.模板的概念
2.函数模板
1)函数模板语法
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>//声明一个模板,告诉编译器后面代码中紧跟着的T不要报错,T是一个通用数据类型
void mySwap(T& a, T& b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
//利用函数模板交换
//两种方式使用函数模板
//1.自动指定类型
//mySwap(a, b);
//2.显示指定类型
mySwap<int>(a, b);
cout << "a=" << a << endl;
cout << "b=" << b << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2)函数模板的注意事项
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>//typename可以替换成class
void mySwap(T& a, T& b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
//1.自动类型推导,必须推导出一致的数据类型T才可以使用
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
char c = 'c';
mySwap(a, b);//正确!
//TmySwap(a, b);//错误!推导不出一致的T类型
cout << "a=" << a << endl;
cout << "b=" << b << endl;
}
//2.模板必须要确定出T的数据类型,才可以使用
template<class T>
void func()
{
cout << "finc调用" << endl;
}
void test02()
{
//func();
func<int>();
}
int main()
{
//test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
3)函数模板案例
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//实现通用 对数组进行排序的函数
//规则 从大到小
//算法 选择
//测试 char 数组、int 数组
//交换函数模板
template<class T>
void mySwap(T& a, T& b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
//排序算法
template<class T>
void mySort(T arr[],int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
int max = i;//认定最大值的下标
for (int j = i + 1; j < len; j++)
{
//认定的最大值 比 遍历出的数值 要小,说明j下标的元素才是真正的最大值
if (arr[max] < arr[j])
{
max = j;//更新最大值下标
}
}
if (max != i)
{
//交换max和i元素
mySwap(arr[max], arr[i]);
}
}
}
//提供打印数组模板
template<class T>
void printArray(T arr[], int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test01()
{
//测试char数组
char charArr[] = "badcfe";
int num = sizeof(charArr) / sizeof(char);
mySort(charArr, num);
printArray(charArr, num);
}
void test02()
{
//测试int数组
int intArr[] = { 7,5,1,3,9,2,4,6,8 };
int num = sizeof(intArr) / sizeof(int);
mySort(intArr, num);
printArray(intArr, num);
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
4)普通函数与函数模板的区别
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//1.普通函数调用可以发生隐式类型转换
//2.函数模板 用自动类型推导,不可以发生隐式类型转换
//3.函数模板 用显示指定类型,可以发生隐式类型转换
//普通函数
int myAdd01(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
//函数模板
template<class T>
T myAdd02(T a, T b)
{
return a + b;
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
char c = 'c';// a - 97 c - 99
cout << myAdd01(a, c) << endl;
//自动类型推导
//cout << myAdd02(a, c) << endl;
//显示指定类型
cout << myAdd02<int>(a, c) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
5)普通函数与函数模板的调用规则
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//1.如果函数模板和普通模板都可以调用,优先调用普通函数
//2.可以通过空模板参数列表 强制调用 函数模板
//3.函数模板可以发生函数重载
//4.如果函数模板可以产生更好的匹配,优先调用函数模板
void myPrint(int a, int b)
{
cout << "调用的普通函数" << endl;
}
template<class T>
void myPrint(T a, T b)
{
cout << "调用的模板" << endl;
}
template<class T>
void myPrint(T a, T b, T c)
{
cout << "调用的重载模板" << endl;
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
//myPrint(a, b);
//通过空模板参数列表,强制调用函数模板
//myPrint<>(a, b);
//myPrint(a, b, 100);
char c1 = 'a';
char c2 = 'b';
myPrint(c1, c2);
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
6)模板的局限性
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
//姓名
string m_Name;
//年龄
int m_Age;
};
template<class T>
bool myCompare(T& a, T& b)
{
if (a == b)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
//利用具体化Person的版本实现代码,具体化优先调用
template<> bool myCompare(Person& p1, Person& p2)
{
if (p1.m_Name == p2.m_Name && p1.m_Age == p2.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
bool ret = myCompare(a, b);
if (ret)
{
cout << "a==b" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "a!=b" << endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
Person p1("Tom", 10);
Person p2("Tom", 10);
bool ret = myCompare(p1, p2);
if (ret)
{
cout << "p1==p2" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1!=p2" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
3.类模板
1)类模板语法
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
//类模板
template<class NameType,class AgeType>
class Person
{
public:
Person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "name:" << this->m_Name << " age:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
NameType m_Name;
AgeType m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person<string, int>p1("孙悟空", 999);
p1.showPerson();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
2)类模板与函数模板区别
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
//类模板
template<class NameType,class AgeType=int>
class Person
{
public:
Person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "name:" << this->m_Name << " age:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
NameType m_Name;
AgeType m_Age;
};
//1.类模板没有自动类型推导使用方式
void test01()
{
//Person p("孙悟空",1000);
Person<string, int>p("孙悟空", 1000);//正确,只能用显示指定类型
p.showPerson();
}
//2.类模板在模板参数列表中可以有默认参数
void test02()
{
Person<string>p("猪八戒", 999);
p.showPerson();
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
3)类模板中成员函数创建时机
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person1
{
public:
void showPerson1()
{
cout << "Person1 show" << endl;
}
};
class Person2
{
public:
void showPerson2()
{
cout << "Person2 show" << endl;
}
};
template<class T>
class MyClass
{
public:
T obj;
//类模板中的成员函数
void func1()
{
obj.showPerson1();
}
void func2()
{
obj.showPerson2();
}
};
void test01()
{
MyClass<Person1> m;
m.func1();
//m.func2();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
4)类模板对象做函数参数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
template<class T1,class T2>
class Person
{
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//1.指定传入类型
void printPerson1(Person<string, int>& p)
{
p.showPerson();
}
void test01()
{
Person<string, int>p("孙悟空", 100);
printPerson1(p);
}
//2.参数模板化
template<class T1,class T2>
void printPerson2(Person<T1, T2>& p)
{
p.showPerson();
cout << "T1 的类型为:" << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << "T2 的类型为:" << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
void test02()
{
Person<string, int>p("猪八戒", 90);
printPerson2(p);
}
//3.整个类模板化
template<class T>
void printPerson3(T &p)
{
p.showPerson();
cout << "T 的类型为:" << typeid(T).name() << endl;
}
void test03()
{
Person<string, int>p("唐僧", 30);
printPerson3(p);
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
test03();
return 0;
}
5)类模板与继承
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class Base
{
T m;
};
//class Son :public Base//错误,必须要知道父类中的T类型,才能继承给子类
class Son :public Base<int>
{
};
void test01()
{
Son S1;
}
//如果想灵活指定父类中T类型,子类也需要变类模板
template<class T1,class T2>
class Son2 :public Base<T2>
{
public:
Son2()
{
cout << "T1的类型为:" << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << "T2的类型为:" << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
T1 obj;
};
void test02()
{
Son2<int, char>S2;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
6)类模板成员函数类外实现
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
template<class T1,class T2>
class Person
{
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age);
/*{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}*/
void showPerson();
/*{
cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}*/
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//构造函数类外实现
template<class T1,class T2>
Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
//成员函数类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson()
{
cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
void test01()
{
Person<string, int>P("Tom", 20);
P.showPerson();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
7)类模板分文件编写
Person.hpp
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person
{
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age);
void showPerson();
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
template<class T1, class T2>
Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
template<class T1, class T2>
void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson()
{
cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
Person.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
//第一种解决方式,直接包含源文件
//#include "Person.cpp"
//第二种解决方式,将.h和.cpp中的内容写到一起,将后缀名改为.hpp文件
#include "Person.hpp"
//template<class T1, class T2>
//class Person
//{
//public:
// Person(T1 name, T2 age);
//
// void showPerson();
//
// T1 m_Name;
// T2 m_Age;
//};
//template<class T1,class T2>
//Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age)
//{
// this->m_Name = name;
// this->m_Age = age;
//}
//
//template<class T1, class T2>
//void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson()
//{
// cout << "姓名:" << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
//}
void test01()
{
Person<string, int>p("Jerry", 18);
p.showPerson();
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
8)类模板与友元
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
//提前让编译器知道Person类的存在
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person;
//类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
void printPerson2(Person<T1, T2> p)
{
cout << "委外实现——姓名:" << p.m_Name << " 年龄:" << p.m_Age << endl;
}
template<class T1,class T2>
class Person
{
//全局函数 类内实现
friend void printPerson(Person<T1, T2> p)
{
cout << "姓名:" << p.m_Name << " 年龄:" <<p.m_Age << endl;
}
//全局函数 类外实现
//加空模板参数列表
//如果全局函数是类外函数,需要让编译器提前知道这个函数的存在
friend void printPerson2<>(Person<T1, T2> p);
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
private:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person<string, int>p("Tom", 20);
printPerson(p);
}
void test02()
{
Person<string, int>p("Jerry", 18);
printPerson2(p);
}
int main()
{
//test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
9)类模板案例
MyArray.hpp
//自己通用的数组类
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class MyArray
{
public:
//有参构造 有参 容量
MyArray(int capacity)
{
//cout << "MyArray有参构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = capacity;
this->m_Size = 0;
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
}
//拷贝构造
MyArray(const MyArray& arr)
{
//cout << "MyArray拷贝构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
//this->pAddress = arr.pAddress;
//深拷贝
this->pAddress = new T[arr.m_Capacity];
//将arr中的数据都拷贝过来
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
}
//operator= 防止浅拷贝问题
MyArray& operator=(const MyArray& arr)
{
//cout << "MyArray operator=调用" << endl;
//先判断原来堆区是否有数据,如果有先释放
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
//深拷贝
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
this->pAddress = new T[arr.m_Capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
return *this;
}
//尾插法
void Push_Back(const T& val)
{
//判断容量是否等于大小
if (this->m_Capacity == this->m_Size)
{
return;
}
this->pAddress[this->m_Size] = val;//在数组末尾插入数据
this->m_Size++;//更新数组大小
}
//尾删法
void Pop_Bake()
{
//让用户访问不到最后一个元素,即为尾删,逻辑删除
if (this->m_Size == 0)
{
return;
}
this->m_Size--;
}
//通过下标方式访问数组中的元素 arr[0] = 100
T& operator[](int index)
{
return this->pAddress[index];
}
//返回数组容量
int getCapacity()
{
return this->m_Capacity;
}
//返回数组大小
int getSize()
{
return this->m_Size;
}
//析构函数
~MyArray()
{
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
//cout << "MyArray析构函数调用" << endl;
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
}
private:
T* pAddress;//指针指向堆区开辟的真实数组
int m_Capacity;//数组容量
int m_Size;//数组大小
};
MyArray.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
#include "MyArray.hpp"
void printIntArray(MyArray<int>&arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++)
{
cout << arr[i] << endl;
}
}
void test01()
{
MyArray<int>arr1(5);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
//利用尾插法向数组中插入数据
arr1.Push_Back(i);
}
cout << "arr1的打印输出为:" << endl;
printIntArray(arr1);
cout << "arr1的容量为:" << arr1.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "arr1的大小为:" << arr1.getSize() << endl;
MyArray<int>arr2(arr1);
cout << "arr2的打印输出为:" << endl;
printIntArray(arr2);
//尾删
arr2.Pop_Bake();
cout << "arr2尾删后:" << endl;
cout << "arr2的容量为:" << arr2.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "arr2的大小为:" << arr2.getSize() << endl;
//MyArray<int>arr3(100);
//arr3 = arr1;
}
//测试自定义数据类型
class Person
{
public:
Person() {};
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void printPersonArray(MyArray<Person>& arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++)
{
cout << "姓名:" << arr[i].m_Name << " 年龄:" << arr[i].m_Age << endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
MyArray<Person>arr(10);
Person p1("孙悟空", 999);
Person p2("韩信", 30);
Person p3("妲己", 20);
Person p4("赵云", 20);
Person p5("安其拉", 27);
//将数据插入到数组中
arr.Push_Back(p1);
arr.Push_Back(p2);
arr.Push_Back(p3);
arr.Push_Back(p4);
arr.Push_Back(p5);
//打印数组
printPersonArray(arr);
//输出容量
cout << "arr容量为:" << arr.getCapacity() << endl;
//输出大小
cout << "arr大小为:" << arr.getSize() << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}