deep learning 吴恩达 第四课第四周 卷积神经网络 ：Deep Learning & Art: Neural Style Transfer

Deep Learning & Art: Neural Style Transfer

Welcome to the second assignment of this week. In this assignment, you will learn about Neural Style Transfer. This algorithm was created by Gatys et al. (2015) (https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576).

In this assignment, you will:

• Implement the neural style transfer algorithm
• Generate novel artistic images using your algorithm

Most of the algorithms you've studied optimize a cost function to get a set of parameter values. In Neural Style Transfer, you'll optimize a cost function to get pixel values!

import os
import sys
import scipy.io
import scipy.misc
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.pyplot import imshow
from PIL import Image
from nst_utils import *
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

%matplotlib inline

1 - Problem Statement

Neural Style Transfer (NST) is one of the most fun techniques in deep learning. As seen below, it merges two images, namely, a "content" image (C) and a "style" image (S), to create a "generated" image (G). The generated image G combines the "content" of the image C with the "style" of image S.

In this example, you are going to generate an image of the Louvre museum in Paris (content image C), mixed with a painting by Claude Monet, a leader of the impressionist movement (style image S).

Let's see how you can do this.

2 - Transfer Learning

Neural Style Transfer (NST) uses a previously trained convolutional network, and builds on top of that. The idea of using a network trained on a different task and applying it to a new task is called transfer learning.

Following the original NST paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576), we will use the VGG network. Specifically, we'll use VGG-19, a 19-layer version of the VGG network. This model has already been trained on the very large ImageNet database, and thus has learned to recognize a variety of low level features (at the earlier layers) and high level features (at the deeper layers).

Run the following code to load parameters from the VGG model. This may take a few seconds.

model = load_vgg_model("pretrained-model/imagenet-vgg-verydeep-19.mat")
print(model)

{'input': <tf.Variable 'Variable:0' shape=(1, 300, 400, 3) dtype=float32_ref>, 'conv1_1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu:0' shape=(1, 300, 400, 64) dtype=float32>, 'conv1_2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_1:0' shape=(1, 300, 400, 64) dtype=float32>, 'avgpool1': <tf.Tensor 'AvgPool:0' shape=(1, 150, 200, 64) dtype=float32>, 'conv2_1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_2:0' shape=(1, 150, 200, 128) dtype=float32>, 'conv2_2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_3:0' shape=(1, 150, 200, 128) dtype=float32>, 'avgpool2': <tf.Tensor 'AvgPool_1:0' shape=(1, 75, 100, 128) dtype=float32>, 'conv3_1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_4:0' shape=(1, 75, 100, 256) dtype=float32>, 'conv3_2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_5:0' shape=(1, 75, 100, 256) dtype=float32>, 'conv3_3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_6:0' shape=(1, 75, 100, 256) dtype=float32>, 'conv3_4': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_7:0' shape=(1, 75, 100, 256) dtype=float32>, 'avgpool3': <tf.Tensor 'AvgPool_2:0' shape=(1, 38, 50, 256) dtype=float32>, 'conv4_1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_8:0' shape=(1, 38, 50, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv4_2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_9:0' shape=(1, 38, 50, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv4_3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_10:0' shape=(1, 38, 50, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv4_4': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_11:0' shape=(1, 38, 50, 512) dtype=float32>, 'avgpool4': <tf.Tensor 'AvgPool_3:0' shape=(1, 19, 25, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv5_1': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_12:0' shape=(1, 19, 25, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv5_2': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_13:0' shape=(1, 19, 25, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv5_3': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_14:0' shape=(1, 19, 25, 512) dtype=float32>, 'conv5_4': <tf.Tensor 'Relu_15:0' shape=(1, 19, 25, 512) dtype=float32>, 'avgpool5': <tf.Tensor 'AvgPool_4:0' shape=(1, 10, 13, 512) dtype=float32>}

The model is stored in a python dictionary where each variable name is the key and the corresponding value is a tensor containing that variable's value. To run an image through this network, you just have to feed the image to the model. In TensorFlow, you can do so using the tf.assign function. In particular, you will use the assign function like this:

model["input"].assign(image)

This assigns the image as an input to the model. After this, if you want to access the activations of a particular layer, say layer 4_2 when the network is run on this image, you would run a TensorFlow session on the correct tensor conv4_2, as follows:

sess.run(model["conv4_2"])

3 - Neural Style Transfer

We will build the NST algorithm in three steps:

• Build the content cost function Jcontent(C,G)
• Build the style cost function Jstyle(S,G)
• Put it together to get J(G)=αJcontent(C,G)+βJstyle(S,G).

3.1 - Computing the content cost

In our running example, the content image C will be the picture of the Louvre Museum in Paris. Run the code below to see a picture of the Louvre.

content_image = scipy.misc.imread("images/louvre.jpg")
imshow(content_image)

The content image (C) shows the Louvre museum's pyramid surrounded by old Paris buildings, against a sunny sky with a few clouds.

3.1.1 - How do you ensure the generated image G matches the content of the image C?

As we saw in lecture, the earlier (shallower) layers of a ConvNet tend to detect lower-level features such as edges and simple textures, and the later (deeper) layers tend to detect higher-level features such as more complex textures as well as object classes.

We would like the "generated" image G to have similar content as the input image C. Suppose you have chosen some layer's activations to represent the content of an image. In practice, you'll get the most visually pleasing results if you choose a layer in the middle of the network--neither too shallow nor too deep. (After you have finished this exercise, feel free to come back and experiment with using different layers, to see how the results vary.)

So, suppose you have picked one particular hidden layer to use. Now, set the image C as the input to the pretrained VGG network, and run forward propagation. Let a(C) be the hidden layer activations in the layer you had chosen. (In lecture, we had written this as a[l](C), but here we'll drop the superscript [l] to simplify the notation.) This will be a nH×nW×nC tensor. Repeat this process with the image G: Set G as the input, and run forward progation. Leta(G)

be the corresponding hidden layer activation. We will define as the content cost function as:

Here, nH,nW and nC are the height, width and number of channels of the hidden layer you have chosen, and appear in a normalization term in the cost. For clarity, note that a(C) and a(G) are the volumes corresponding to a hidden layer's activations. In order to compute the cost Jcontent(C,G), it might also be convenient to unroll these 3D volumes into a 2D matrix, as shown below. (Technically this unrolling step isn't needed to compute Jcontent, but it will be good practice for when you do need to carry out a similar operation later for computing the style const Jstyle.)

Exercise: Compute the "content cost" using TensorFlow.

Instructions: The 3 steps to implement this function are:

1. Retrieve dimensions from a_G: <