引入
为什么要有高等数学呢?
先来两道题,感受一下高等数学的魅力。
问题
问题 ①:
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
2
+
n
+
1
+
2
n
2
+
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
+
n
+
n
)
=
?
\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left( \frac{1}{n^2+n+1}+\frac{2}{n^2+n+2}+\dots+\frac{n}{n^2+n+n} \right)=?
n→∞lim(n2+n+11+n2+n+22+⋯+n2+n+nn)=?
解答 ①:
令
x
n
=
(
1
n
2
+
n
+
1
+
2
n
2
+
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
+
n
+
n
)
,
x_n = \left( \frac{1}{n^2+n+1}+\frac{2}{n^2+n+2}+\dots+\frac{n}{n^2+n+n} \right),
xn=(n2+n+11+n2+n+22+⋯+n2+n+nn),
则有
(
1
n
2
+
n
+
n
+
2
n
2
+
n
+
n
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
+
n
+
n
)
≤
x
n
(
1
+
n
)
n
2
n
2
+
n
+
n
≤
x
n
(
1
+
n
)
n
2
n
(
n
+
2
)
≤
x
n
1
2
≤
n
+
1
2
(
n
+
2
)
≤
x
n
,
\begin{aligned} \left( \frac{1}{n^2+n+n}+\frac{2}{n^2+n+n}+\dots+\frac{n}{n^2+n+n} \right) & \leq x_n \\ \frac{\frac{(1+n)n}{2}}{n^2+n+n} & \leq x_n \\ \frac{(1+n)n}{2n(n+2)} & \leq x_n \\ \frac{1}{2} \leq \frac{n+1}{2(n+2)} & \leq x_n, \\ \end{aligned}
(n2+n+n1+n2+n+n2+⋯+n2+n+nn)n2+n+n2(1+n)n2n(n+2)(1+n)n21≤2(n+2)n+1≤xn≤xn≤xn≤xn,
x n ≤ ( 1 n 2 + n + 1 + 2 n 2 + n + 1 + ⋯ + n n 2 + n + 1 ) x n ≤ ( 1 + n ) n 2 n 2 + n + 1 x n ≤ ( n 2 + n ) 2 ( n 2 + n + 1 ) ≤ 1 2 , \begin{aligned} x_n & \leq \left( \frac{1}{n^2+n+1}+\frac{2}{n^2+n+1}+\dots+\frac{n}{n^2+n+1} \right) \\ x_n & \leq \frac{\frac{(1+n)n}{2}}{n^2+n+1} \\ x_n & \leq \frac{(n^2+n)}{2(n^2+n+1)} \leq \frac{1}{2}, \\ \end{aligned} xnxnxn≤(n2+n+11+n2+n+12+⋯+n2+n+1n)≤n2+n+12(1+n)n≤2(n2+n+1)(n2+n)≤21,
故
1
2
≤
x
n
≤
1
2
.
\frac{1}{2} \leq x_n \leq \frac{1}{2}.
21≤xn≤21.
得到
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
2
+
n
+
1
+
2
n
2
+
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
+
n
+
n
)
=
1
2
.
\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_n = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left( \frac{1}{n^2+n+1}+\frac{2}{n^2+n+2}+\dots+\frac{n}{n^2+n+n} \right) = \frac{1}{2}.
n→∞limxn=n→∞lim(n2+n+11+n2+n+22+⋯+n2+n+nn)=21.
问题 ②:
设
x
n
=
2
2
…
2
⏟
n
重
根
号
x_n = \underbrace{\sqrt{2\sqrt{2\dots\sqrt{2}}}}_{n 重根号}
xn=n重根号
22…2,考虑
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 的收敛性,并求极限.
解答 ②:
分析:
x
1
=
2
x_1 = \sqrt{2}
x1=2,
x
2
=
2
2
=
2
x
1
x_2 = \sqrt{2\sqrt{2}} = \sqrt{2x_1}
x2=22=2x1,
…
\dots
…,
x
n
+
1
=
2
x
n
x_{n+1} = \sqrt{2x_n}
xn+1=2xn(
x
n
>
0
x_n > 0
xn>0)。
假定
x
k
<
2
x_k < 2
xk<2,则
x
k
+
1
=
2
x
k
<
2
⋅
2
=
2
x_{k+1} = \sqrt{2x_k} < \sqrt{2 \cdot 2} = 2
xk+1=2xk<2⋅2=2,
所以
0
<
x
n
<
2
0 < x_n < 2
0<xn<2。
x
n
+
1
−
x
n
=
2
x
n
−
x
n
>
x
n
⋅
x
n
−
x
n
=
0.
x_{n+1} - x_n = \sqrt{2x_n} - x_n > \sqrt{x_n \cdot x_n} - x_n = 0.
xn+1−xn=2xn−xn>xn⋅xn−xn=0.
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 单增有上界。
设
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
a
,
\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_n = a,
n→∞limxn=a,
则
a
=
2
a
,
a = \sqrt{2a},
a=2a,
得到 a = 2 a = 2 a=2。
修改记录
时间 | 修改内容 |
---|---|
2022年1月4日 | 标题 |