零基础入门Python,给自己找了一个任务,做网站文章的爬虫小项目,因为实战是学代码的最快方式。所以从今天起开始写Python实战入门系列教程,也建议大家学Python时一定要多写多练。
目标
- 1,学习Python爬虫
- 2,爬取新闻网站新闻列表
- 3,爬取图片
- 4,把爬取到的数据存在本地文件夹或者数据库
- 5,学会用pycharm的pip安装Python需要用到的扩展包
一,首先看看Python是如何简单的爬取网页的
1,准备工作
项目用的BeautifulSoup4和chardet模块属于三方扩展包,如果没有请自行pip安装,我是用pycharm来做的安装,下面简单讲下用pycharm安装chardet和BeautifulSoup4
-
在pycharm的设置里按照下图的步骤操作
-
如下图搜索你要的扩展类库,如我们这里需要安装chardet直接搜索就行,然后点击install package, BeautifulSoup4做一样的操作就行
- 安装成功后就会出现在在安装列表中,到此就说明我们安装网络爬虫扩展库成功
二,由浅入深,我们先抓取网页
我们这里以抓取简书首页为例:www.jianshu.com/
代码解读
复制代码
# 简单的网络爬虫 from urllib import request import chardet response = request.urlopen("http://www.jianshu.com/") html = response.read() charset = chardet.detect(html)# {'language': '', 'encoding': 'utf-8', 'confidence': 0.99} html = html.decode(str(charset["encoding"])) # 解码 print(html)
由于抓取的html文档比较长,这里简单贴出来一部分给大家看下
代码解读
复制代码
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 6]><html class="ie lt-ie8"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><html class="ie lt-ie8"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="ie ie8"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]><html class="ie ie9"><![endif]--> <!--[if !IE]><!--> <html> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no"> <!-- Start of Baidu Transcode --> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="mobile-agent" content="format=html5;url=http://localhost/"> <!-- End of Baidu Transcode --> <meta name="description" content="简书是一个优质的创作社区,在这里,你可以任性地创作,一篇短文、一张照片、一首诗、一幅画……我们相信,每个人都是生活中的艺术家,有着无穷的创造力。"> <meta name="keywords" content="简书,简书官网,图文编辑软件,简书下载,图文创作,创作软件,原创社区,小说,散文,写作,阅读"> ..........后面省略一大堆
这就是Python3的爬虫简单入门,是不是很简单,建议大家多敲几遍
三,Python3爬取网页里的图片并把图片保存到本地文件夹
目标
- 爬取百度贴吧里的图片
- 把图片保存到本地,都是妹子图片奥 不多说,直接上代码,代码里的注释很详细。大家仔细阅读注释就可以理解了
代码解读
复制代码
import re import urllib.request #爬取网页html def getHtml(url): page = urllib.request.urlopen(url) html = page.read() return html html = getHtml("http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3205263090") html = html.decode('UTF-8') #获取图片链接的方法 def getImg(html): # 利用正则表达式匹配网页里的图片地址 reg = r'src="([.*\S]*\.jpg)" pic_ext="jpeg"' imgre=re.compile(reg) imglist=re.findall(imgre,html) return imglist imgList=getImg(html) imgCount=0 #for把获取到的图片都下载到本地pic文件夹里,保存之前先在本地建一个pic文件夹 for imgPath in imgList: f=open("../pic/"+str(imgCount)+".jpg",'wb') f.write((urllib.request.urlopen(imgPath)).read()) f.close() imgCount+=1 print("全部抓取完成")
迫不及待的看下都爬取到了些什么美图
就这么轻易的爬取到了24个妹子的图片。是不是很简单。
四,Python3爬取新闻网站新闻列表
- 这里我们只爬取新闻标题,新闻url,新闻图片链接。
- 爬取到的数据目前只做展示,等我学完Python操作数据库以后会把爬取到的数据保存到数据库。
到这里稍微复杂点,就分布给大家讲解
- 1 这里我们需要先爬取到html网页上面第一步有讲怎么抓取网页
- 2分析我们要抓取的html标签
分析上图我们要抓取的信息再div中的a标签和img标签里,所以我们要想的就是怎么获取到这些信息
这里就要用到我们导入的BeautifulSoup4库了,这里的关键代码
代码解读
复制代码
# 使用剖析器为html.parser soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser') # 获取到每一个class=hot-article-img的a节点 allList = soup.select('.hot-article-img')
上面代码获取到的allList就是我们要获取的新闻列表,抓取到的如下
代码解读:
[<div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/211390.html" target="_blank"> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201708/22/173535862821.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214982.html" target="_blank" title="TFBOYS成员各自飞,商业价值天花板已现?"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/094856378420.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/213703.html" target="_blank" title="买手店江湖"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/122655034450.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214679.html" target="_blank" title="iPhone X正式告诉我们,手机和相机开始分道扬镳"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/14/182151300292.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214962.html" target="_blank" title="信用已被透支殆尽,乐视汽车或成贾跃亭弃子"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/210518696352.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214867.html" target="_blank" title="别小看“搞笑诺贝尔奖”,要向好奇心致敬"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/15/180620783020.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214954.html" target="_blank" title="10 年前改变世界的,可不止有 iPhone | 发车"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/162049096015.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214908.html" target="_blank" title="感谢微博替我做主"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/010410913192.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/215001.html" target="_blank" title="苹果确认取消打赏抽成,但还有多少内容让你觉得值得掏腰包?"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/154147105217.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214969.html" target="_blank" title="中国音乐的“全面付费”时代即将到来?"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/101218317953.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>, <div class="hot-article-img"> <a href="/article/214964.html" target="_blank" title="百丽退市启示录:“一代鞋王”如何与新生代消费者渐行渐远"> <!--视频和图片保留一个--> ![](https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/213400162818.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg) </a> </div>]
这里数据是抓取到了,但是太乱了,并且还有很多不是我们想要的,下面就通过遍历来提炼出我们的有效信息
- 3 提取有效信息
代码解读:
#遍历列表,获取有效信息 for news in allList: aaa = news.select('a') # 只选择长度大于0的结果 if len(aaa) > 0: # 文章链接 try:#如果抛出异常就代表为空 href = url + aaa[0]['href'] except Exception: href='' # 文章图片url try: imgUrl = aaa[0].select('img')[0]['src'] except Exception: imgUrl="" # 新闻标题 try: title = aaa[0]['title'] except Exception: title = "标题为空" print("标题",title,"\nurl:",href,"\n图片地址:",imgUrl) print("==============================================================================================")
这里添加异常处理,主要是有的新闻可能没有标题,没有url或者图片,如果不做异常处理,可能导致我们爬取的中断。
过滤后的有效信息
代码解读:
标题 标题为空 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/211390.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201708/22/173535862821.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 TFBOYS成员各自飞,商业价值天花板已现? url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214982.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/094856378420.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 买手店江湖 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/213703.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/122655034450.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 iPhone X正式告诉我们,手机和相机开始分道扬镳 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214679.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/14/182151300292.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 信用已被透支殆尽,乐视汽车或成贾跃亭弃子 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214962.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/210518696352.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 别小看“搞笑诺贝尔奖”,要向好奇心致敬 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214867.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/15/180620783020.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 10 年前改变世界的,可不止有 iPhone | 发车 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214954.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/162049096015.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 感谢微博替我做主 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214908.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/010410913192.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 苹果确认取消打赏抽成,但还有多少内容让你觉得值得掏腰包? url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/215001.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/154147105217.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 中国音乐的“全面付费”时代即将到来? url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214969.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/17/101218317953.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ============================================================================================== 标题 百丽退市启示录:“一代鞋王”如何与新生代消费者渐行渐远 url: https://www.huxiu.com/article/214964.html 图片地址: https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/201709/16/213400162818.jpg?imageView2/1/w/280/h/210/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg ==============================================================================================
到这里我们抓取新闻网站新闻信息就大功告成了,下面贴出来完整代码
代码解读:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from urllib import request import chardet url = "https://www.huxiu.com" response = request.urlopen(url) html = response.read() charset = chardet.detect(html) html = html.decode(str(charset["encoding"])) # 设置抓取到的html的编码方式 # 使用剖析器为html.parser soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser') # 获取到每一个class=hot-article-img的a节点 allList = soup.select('.hot-article-img') #遍历列表,获取有效信息 for news in allList: aaa = news.select('a') # 只选择长度大于0的结果 if len(aaa) > 0: # 文章链接 try:#如果抛出异常就代表为空 href = url + aaa[0]['href'] except Exception: href='' # 文章图片url try: imgUrl = aaa[0].select('img')[0]['src'] except Exception: imgUrl="" # 新闻标题 try: title = aaa[0]['title'] except Exception: title = "标题为空" print("标题",title,"\nurl:",href,"\n图片地址:",imgUrl) print("==============================================================================================")
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