模块一Python基础

1.简介

• 源码文件UTF-8编码，字符串是unicode
• 如果数值相同，会分配同一个空间

type(apple)			#查看数据类型

print(1,2,3)		#输出为1 2 3

print(1,2,3,sep=":")#输出为1:2:3

print(1,end=":")
print(2)			#输出为1:2

id(pi)				#查看内存地址

x,y=y,x				#交换

temp = 3.14159,3,6
PI ,r,q = temp

2.字符串

str=r'hello\n'	#输出为hello\n，用r或R表示，转义字符不会被转义

str='hello\"'	#输出为hello"

stirng1 = 'python1'
stirng2 = "python2"
stirng1+stirng2

string1*3

int ('898')	#只能转换数字

2.1索引与切片

2.1.1索引

正索引

P   Y   T   H   O   N
0	1	2	3	4	5

负索引

P	Y	T	H	O	N
-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1

2.1.2切片

左闭右开

string3='PYTHON'
string3[1:3]	#YT
string3[:3]
string3[2:]

3.常用运算符

运算符	描述	例子
/	x/y	20/10=2.0
//	取整	23/20=2
**	x^y	2**3=8
and	若第一个数为0则返回0，否则返回第二个数	20 and 30=30，0 and 20=20
or	若第一个数非0则返回第一个数，否则第2个	20 or 30=20，0 or 20=20
not x	True/False	not(20 and 30)=False

4.数据结构

4.1序列

列表、元组

4.1.1创建列表

all_in_list = [0.25,'hello',true,[0.0,0.7,1.4,4.89,5.59,6.28]]
all_in_list = list('ABCD')
all_in_list = list(range(1,11))

4.1.2索引与切片

all_in_list[:3]#切片，返回是列表
all_in_list[:]
all_in_list[3]#索引,返回是值

4.1.3增

all_in_list.append(0.78)
all_in_list.append([1, 2])#整体添加到目标对象
all_in_list.extend([1, 2])#列表中的每个元素加入列表
all_in_list.insert(1, 'world')#在坐标1前面插入world
[1,2]+[3,4]

4.1.4删

all_in_list = list('ABCD')
all_in_list.remove('B')//第一个
del all_in_list[:2]
del all_in_list

4.1.5改

all_in_list[0] = 125

4.1.6查

all_in_list.index(125)//第一个

4.1.7列表推导式

x = []
for i in range(1, 11):
    x.append(i)
#需要第二行和第三行全部选中
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
import math
s = [math.sin(i) for i in x_new]
x_new = [i for i in range(1, 11)]#for i in range(1, 11)是对i的解释
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
sum(s)

4.2字典

只有字符串和数值可以作为键，列表不可以

dict_first = {
    'the': 2,
    3.4: [3.5, 4],
    'hello': 'world'
}
dict_second = {i: i**2 for i in range(1, 11)}

4.3.1增

通过赋值来实现

dict_first['world'] = 2.5
dict_first.update({'hello world': 3, 4.5: [2.3, 1.2]})

4.3.2删

del dict_first['world']

4.3.3改

dict_first['the']
dict_first['the'] = 101

4.3.4查

dict_first.keys()#访问键
dict_first.values()#访问值
dict_first.items()#访问键值对

统计单词出现的频次

lyric = 'The night begin to shine, the night begin to shine'
lyric.lower()
words = lyric.split()
word_freq = {}
for word in words:
    if word in word_freq.keys():
        word_freq[word] += 1
    else:
        word_freq[word] = 1

5.控制语句

5.1条件判断

if 1 < 2:
    print('hello1')
if 1 > 2:
    print('hello2')
else:
    print('hello world')
if 1 > 2:
    pass
    # 什么都不执行
elif 2 > 3:
    print('123')
else:
    print('null')

5.2异常处理

5.2.1try-except

即使遇到错误，不会终止程序

try:
    print(hello)
except OverflowError:
    print('溢出错误')
except:
    print("未知错误")

5.2.2异常类型

异常名	异常名
BaseException	RuntimeError
Exception	NotImplementedError
ArithmeticError	SyntaxError
StandardError	IndentationError（缩进不对等）
FloatingPointError	TabError
OverflowError	SystemError
ZeroDivisionError	TypeError
AssertionError	ValueError
UnboundLocalError	BytesWarning
ReferenceError	ResourceWarning

5.2.3考试成绩

try:
    score = input("输入：")
    score = float(score)#input--》str
    if score >= 90:
        print('A')
    elif score >= 80:
        print('B')
    else:
        print('C')
except:
    print("输入的为非数值类型")

5.3循环

for i in range(10):
    print(i)

s = 0
while s < 10:
    print(s)
    s += 1

list_1 = [1, 2, 1, 0.5, 7, -4.0, -12]
for i in list_1:#i为元素不是下标
    print(i)

5.4冒泡

for i in range(len(list_1)):
    for j in range(i):
        if list_1[j] > list_1[i]:
            list_1[j], list_1[i] = list_1[i], list_1[j]

6.函数

6.1 def

def def_mean(x):
    m = 0
    for i in x:
        m += i
    return m/len(x)


list_1 = [12, 27, 35, 46]#要有两行缩进
def_mean(x=list_1)

6.2 lambda匿名函数

q = lambda x, y_2: x ** 2 + y_2
q(2, 1)

6.3导入函数

导入常量，lambda

from test01 import def_mean, def_sum, q, pi
list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
def_mean(list_1) * pi

7.面向对象

class Human:
    def __init__(self, age, gender):#self可以换成其他
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender
    
    def sqrt(self, x):
        return x ** 2


zhangfei = Human(age=23, gender='男')

8.文件

8.1读取

f = open('hello.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')#have bug so add encoding
txt = f.read()
f.close()  # 不关,一直被python占用

f = open('hello.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
txt = f.readlines()#列表
f.close()

9.库

pip install jieba -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/