文章目录
使用C++标准库
C++标准库并不是C++语言的一部分
C++标准库是由C++语言编写而成的类库和函数的集合
C++标准库中定义的类和对象都位于std命名空间中
C++标准库的头文件都不带.h后缀
C++标准库涵盖了C库的功能
C库中<name.h>头文件对应C++中的 < cname>
C++标准库预定义了多数常用的数据结构,如:字符串,链表,队列,栈等
<bitset>
<deque>
<list>
<map>
<queue>
<set>
<stack>
<vector>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
printf("Hello World!\n");
printf("Press any key to continue...");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Cin和Cout
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Hello World"<<endl; //cout为显示器对象 endl换行
int x;
int y;
cout<<"1st Parameter: ";
cin>>x; //cin为键盘对象
cout<<"2nd Parameter: ";
cin>>y;
cout<<"Result: "<<x+y<<endl;
return 0;
}
C++做了什么?对于<<和>>
左移运算符 << 和 右移运算符 >> 在C语言中只能用于整数运算,并且语义是确定不变的
问题:C++是怎么改变左移运算符和右移运算符的语义的?
第一步:
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//复数
struct Complex
{
int a; //实部
int b; //虚部
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Complex c1 = {1, 2};
Complex c2 = {3, 4};
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; //ERROR
cout << "Press the enter key to continue ...";
cin.get(); //等价于getchar()
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
第二步: add()函数
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Complex
{
int a;
int b;
};
Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
return ret;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Complex c1 = {1, 2};
Complex c2 = {3, 4};
Complex c3 = add(c1, c2);
cout<<"c3.a = "<<c3.a<<endl;
cout<<"c3.b = "<<c3.b<<endl;
cout << "Press the enter key to continue ...";
cin.get();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
add函数可以解决Complex变量相加的问题,但是Complex是现实世界中确实存在的复数,并且复数在数学中的地位和普通的实数相同
为什么不能让 + 操作符也支持复数相加呢?
第三步:
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Complex
{
int a;
int b;
};
Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) //operator+相当于add()函数
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
return ret;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Complex c1 = {1, 2};
Complex c2 = {3, 4};
Complex c3 = operator+(c1, c2); //c1+c2写法等价,更加直观
cout<<"c3.a = "<<c3.a<<endl;
cout<<"c3.b = "<<c3.b<<endl;
cout << "Press the enter key to continue ...";
cin.get();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
分析:operator+(c1, c2);调用不直观,直接改为c1+c2,也能编译通过。 Complex c3 = c1+c2);
C++中操作符重载的本质
C++中通过operator关键字可以利用函数扩展操作符
operator的本质是通过函数重载实现操作符重载
用operator关键字扩展的操作符可以用于类吗?
小插曲:友元
C++中的类的友元
private声明使得类的成员不能被外界访问
但是通过friend关键字可以例外的开放权限
friend Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
<<运算符重载
ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c) //返回ostream&是为了支持链式调用
{
out<<c.a<<" + "<<c.b<<"i"; //输出复数格式a+bi
return out;
}
第4步:最终的代码
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
//友元: operator+函数是本类 Complex的友元
friend Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c);
};
//重载操作符:<<
ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c)
{
out<<c.a<<" + "<<c.b<<"i";
return out;
}
//重载操作符:+
Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = c1.a + c2.a;
ret.b = c1.b + c2.b;
return ret;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; //c1+c2 <==> operator+ (c1, c2);
cout<<c1<<endl; //cout为类ostream的一个对象 cout<<c1 <==> operator<< (cout, c1) ;
//operator<< (cout, c1) 的返回值为 ostream&,继续 <<endl
cout<<c2<<endl;
cout<<c3<<endl;
cout << "Press the enter key to continue ...";
cin.get();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
C++是怎么改变左移运算符和右移运算符的语义的?
C++中的操作符重载可以改变左移和右移运算符的语义!
//复习添加:重载operator+
//重载 operator+
enum EEE{
AAA,
BBB
};
int operator+ (EEE eee){ //注意: overloaded 'operator+' must have at least one parameter of class or enumeration type
return 777;
}
小结:
操作符重载是C++的强大特性之一
操作符重载的本质是通过函数扩展操作符的语义
operator关键字是操作符重载的关键
friend关键字可以对函数或类开发访问权限
操作符重载遵循函数重载的规则