一、动词时态
动词时态表示谓语动词的动作或状态发生的事件和方式。英语中有四种不同的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)和四种不同的方式(一般、进行、完成、完成进行 )
1、一般现在时:主语+动词原形(若主语是第三人称单数,动词原形后加-s或-es)
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与表频度的时间状语连用:always,often,usually,sometimes,rarely,never,once a week,twice a month,every day,now and then=from time to time(偶尔,有时)
eg:①she always takes a walk in the morning
②they go to the movies once a week to relax themselves
(2)表示能力、特征或现实的情况,状态
eg: ①the foreign man standing in the doorway speaks Chinese
②people enjoy reading books about rhe rich and the famous
(3)表示格言、客观事实或普遍真理
eg:①time and tide wait for no man时不待人
②the sun rises in the east and sets in the west
(4)表示安排或计划好的将要发生的动作,或表示按时间表将要发生的动作,句中常有一个表示将来的时间状语。常用动词:be,arrive,come,go,start,begin,leave,return,end,stop(来来去去,开始停止)
eg:①the concert begins at 7:00 pm and ends at 9:30pm
②the train leaves at six tomorrow morning
(5)在含有时间或条件状语从句的主从复合句中,若主句用一般将来时,从句常用一般现在时表将来。即主将从现原则
eg:① we will discuss the matter when we meet tomorrow
②you'll surely succeed if you try your best
2.一般过去时:主语+动词的过去式
表示在过去某个特定时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表过去的时间状语连用:a moment/three days ago,last night/friday/week/month/year,(the day before) yesterday,the other day,in the past, in 1994等。另外加一推断的时间状语
eg:①he and his friends visited the Great wall last year
②the other day we received some scholars from Switzerland
③Could you please repeat your words? I missed it(推断出的时间状语)
3.一般将来时:主语+will/shall+动词原形;主语+am/is/are going to+动原;主语+am/is/are +to do;主语+am/is/are about +to do;主语+am/is/are+现在分词(仅限位移动词)
常与表示将来的时间状语连用:(the day after) tomorrow,next week/mohth/year,in two minutes/hours/days/months,soon,some day
(1)主语+will/shall+动词原形:一般表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。shall用于第一人称,will可用于各个人称。
eg:① the teacher will punish you for your mistake
②my elder brother will be twenty years old next year
(2)主语+am/is/are going to+动原:表示主观打算做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事
eg:①they are going to sail(航行) around the small island
②It is cloudy.I think it is going to rain soon
(3)主语+am/is/are +to do:表示按安排、计划、约定、意图、职责、义务、命令或要求必须做的事或即将发生的动作
eg:①The Prime Minister is to visit China tomorrow
②your written report is to be submitted next Tuesday
(4) 主语+am/is/are about +to do:表示即将发生的动作,不能与表示将来的时间状语连用
eg:①The new school year is about to begin
4.现在进行时:主语+am/is/are+现在分词
(1)目前或现阶段正在惊醒的动作或发生的事情。常与now,at this/the moment,right now,these days,this week,today,nowdays,at persent
eg:George is making a list of books to read now
(2)与always,forever,constantly等副词连用,表示某种感情,如赞许、厌恶、不满、同情
eg:The little boy is always thinking of others
5.过去进行时:主语+was/were+现在分词
(1)表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间内、或某个动作发生时正在进行的动作,常与at that time,this time yesterday,the whole morning。此外,当句中有when或while引导的时间状语从句时,主句可用过去进行时。
eg:we were talking about the new book the whole morning
6.将来进行时:主语+will/shall be +现在分词
(1)表示将来某一时刻、某段时间内或某个动作发生时正在进行的动作。常与this time tomorrow/next week/next month,at 8 tomorrow,in the next three weeks,tomorrow等
eg:This time tomorrow we shall/will be working in that factory
7.现在完成时:主语+hava/has+过去分词
(1)表示已经做完某事,强调过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响产生的结果,着眼点在现在,常与yet,already,just,before,recently,lately等时间状语连用
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