平衡二叉树构建及递归和非递归遍历树实现（c++）

最近面试被问到平衡二叉树的性质及手撕构建平衡二叉树。当时无从下手，翻看牛客网面经，发现是一个常考点。虽然代码量相对较多，但确实是必须要掌握的知识。记录如下：

性质：
1、平衡二叉树其左右子树都为平衡二叉树，且树的深度的绝对值不会超过1；
2、将平衡因子（BF）定义为，其左子树的深度减去右子树的深度，则只会有-1,0,1三种情况；
3、平衡二叉树属于二叉搜索树（BST），也满足二叉搜索树的一些性质：左子树和右子树都是二叉搜索树。左子树所有节点值都小于等于其根节点值，右子树所有节点的值都大于等于其根节点的值；

引出平衡二叉树的原因是想让树的深度尽可能的小，并将查询时间复杂度稳定控制在logn，避免因节点全在树的一边，导致树的深度为n，从而导致的查询时间复杂度为n；

代码实现：

#include<iostream>
#include<stack>

using namespace std;

constexpr auto RH = 1;
constexpr auto EH = 0;
constexpr auto LH = -1;

struct tree {
	int val;
	int bf;
	tree* left;
	tree* right;
	tree(int n) {
		val = n; bf = 0;
		left = nullptr; right = nullptr;
	}
};

typedef tree* TreeNode;

void R_Roate(TreeNode& P) {
	TreeNode L = P->left;
	P->left = L->right;
	L->right = P;
	P = L;
}

void L_Roate(TreeNode& P) {
	TreeNode R = P->right;
	P->right = R->left;
	R->left = P;
	P = R;
}

void LeftBalance(TreeNode& T) {
	TreeNode L = T->left;
	switch(L->bf) {
		case LH:
			T->bf = L->bf = EH;
			R_Roate(T);
			break;
		case RH:
			TreeNode Lr = L->right;
			switch (Lr->bf) {
				case LH:
					T->bf = RH;
					Lr->bf = EH;
					break;
				case EH:
					T->bf = Lr->bf = EH;
					break;
				case RH:
					T->bf = EH;
					Lr->bf = LH;
					break;
			}
			Lr->bf = EH;
			L_Roate(T->left);
			R_Roate(T);
			break;
	}
}

void RightBalance(TreeNode& T) {
	TreeNode R = T->right;
	switch (R->bf) {
	case RH:
		T->bf = R->bf = EH;
		L_Roate(T);
		break;
	case LH:
		TreeNode Rl = R->left;
		switch (Rl->bf) {
		case LH:
			T->bf = EH;
			Rl->bf = RH;
			break;
		case EH:
			T->bf = Rl->bf = EH;
			break;
		case RH:
			T->bf = LH;
			Rl->bf = EH;
			break;
		}
		Rl->bf = EH;
		R_Roate(T->right);
		L_Roate(T);
		break;
	}
}

bool InsertAVL(TreeNode& T, int e, bool& taller) {
	if (T == nullptr) {
		T = new tree(e);
		taller = true;
	}
	else {
		if (e == T->val) {
			taller = false;
			return false;
		}
		if (e < T->val) {
			if (!InsertAVL(T->left, e, taller))
				return false;
			if (taller) {
				switch (T->bf) {
					case LH:
						LeftBalance(T);
						taller = false;
						break;
					case EH:
						T->bf = LH;
						taller = true;
						break;
					case RH:
						T->bf = EH;
						taller = false;
						break;
				}
			}
		}
		else {
			if (!InsertAVL(T->right, e, taller))
				return false;
			if (taller) {
				switch (T->bf) {
				case RH:
					RightBalance(T);
					taller = false;
					break;
				case EH:
					T->bf = RH;
					taller = true;
					break;
				case LH:
					T->bf = EH;
					taller = false;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return true;
}

void preTraver(TreeNode& root) {
	if (root == nullptr) return;
	cout << root->val << " ";
	preTraver(root->left);
	preTraver(root->right);
	return;
}

void preTraverCru(TreeNode& root) {
	stack<TreeNode> data;
	data.push(root);
	while (!data.empty()) {
		TreeNode temp = data.top();
		data.pop();
		cout << temp->val << " ";
		if (temp->right) data.push(temp->right);
		if (temp->left) data.push(temp->left);
	}
	cout << endl;
	return;
}

void midTraver(TreeNode& root) {
	if (root == nullptr) return;
	midTraver(root->left);
	cout << root->val << " ";
	midTraver(root->right);
	return;
}

void midTraverCru(TreeNode& root) {
	TreeNode cur = root;
	stack<TreeNode> data;
	while (!data.empty() || cur != nullptr) {
		while (cur!=nullptr) {
			data.push(cur);
			cur = cur->left;
		}
		cur = data.top();
		data.pop();
		cout << cur->val << " ";
		cur = cur->right;
	}
	cout << endl;
	return;
}

void posTraver(TreeNode& root) {
	if (root == nullptr) return;
	posTraver(root->left);
	posTraver(root->right);
	cout << root->val << " ";
	return;
}

void posTraverCru(TreeNode& root) {
	stack<TreeNode> data1;
	stack<TreeNode> data2;
	data1.push(root);
	while (!data1.empty()) {
		TreeNode temp = data1.top();
		data1.pop();
		data2.push(temp);
		if(temp->left)data1.push(temp->left);
		if(temp->right)data1.push(temp->right);
	}
	while (!data2.empty()) {
		TreeNode temp = data2.top();
		data2.pop();
		cout << temp->val << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	return;
}

int main() {
	int data[] = { 3,2,1,4,5,6,7,10,9,8 };
	TreeNode root = nullptr;
	bool taller;
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
		InsertAVL(root, data[i], taller);
	cout << "Preorder traversal:" << endl;
	preTraver(root);
	cout << endl;
	preTraverCru(root);
	cout << "Inorder traversal:" << endl;
	midTraver(root);
	cout << endl;
	midTraverCru(root);
	cout << "Postorder traversal:" << endl;
	posTraver(root);
	cout << endl;
	posTraverCru(root);
	return 0;
}