1 模型构建
(1)快速开始
序贯(Sequential)模型是多个网络层的线性堆叠,也就是“一条路走到黑”。可以通过向Sequential
模型传递一个layer的list来构造该模型:
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Activation
model = Sequential([
Dense(32, units=784),
Activation('relu'),
Dense(10),
Activation('softmax'),
])
也可以通过.add()
方法一个个的将layer加入模型中:
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(32, input_shape=(784,)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
(2)指定输入数据的shape
模型需要知道输入数据的shape,因此,Sequential
的第一层需要接受一个关于输入数据shape的参数,后面的各个层则可以自动的推导
出中间数据的shape,因此不需要为每个层都指定这个参数。有几种方法来为第一层指定输入数据的shape
(1)传递一个input_shape
的关键字参数给第一层,input_shape是一个tuple类型的数据,其中也可以填入None,如果填入None
则表示此位置可能是任何正整数
。数据的batch大小不应包含在其中。
(2)有些2D层,如Dense
,支持通过指定其输入维度input_dim
来隐含的指定输入数据shape,是一个Int类型
的数据。一些3D的时域层支持通过参数input_dim
和input_length
来指定输入shape。
(3)如果你需要为输入指定一个固定大小的batch_size(常用于stateful RNN网络),可以传递batch_size参数到一个层中,例如你想指定输入张量的batch大小是32,数据shape是(6,8),则你需要传递batch_size=32和input_shape=(6,8)。
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(32, input_dim=784))
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(32, input_shape=(784,)))
2 模型编译
在训练模型之前,我们需要通过compile
来对学习过程进行配置。compile接收三个参数:
(1)优化器optimizer
:该参数可指定为已预定义的优化器名,如rmsprop、adagrad,或一个Optimizer类的对象,详情见optimizers
(2)损失函数loss
:该参数为模型试图最小化的目标函数,它可为预定义的损失函数名,如categorical_crossentropy、mse,也可以为一个损失函数。详情见losses
(3)指标列表metrics
:对分类问题,我们一般将该列表设置为metrics=['accuracy']
。指标可以是一个预定义指标的名字,也可以是一个用户定制的函数.指标函数应该返回单个张量,或一个完成metric_name - > metric_value映射的字典.请参考性能评估
# 多分类问题
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
#二分类问题
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# 回归问题
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='mse')
# 自定义
import keras.backend as K
def mean_pred(y_true, y_pred):
return K.mean(y_pred)
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy', mean_pred])
3 模型训练
Keras以Numpy
数组作为输入数据和标签的数据类型。训练模型一般使用fit函数
。
model.fit(data, labels, epochs=10, batch_size=32)
4 模型评估
我们可以使用model.evaluate
对我们的模型进行评估,看看模型的指标是否满足我们的要求:
loss_and_metrics = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)
5 数据预测
classes = model.predict(x_test, batch_size=128)
6 实例
(1)基于多层感知器的softmax多分类:
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation
from keras.optimizers import SGD
# Generate dummy data
import numpy as np
x_train = np.random.random((1000, 20))
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(np.random.randint(10, size=(1000, 1)), num_classes=10)
x_test = np.random.random((100, 20))
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(np.random.randint(10, size=(100, 1)), num_classes=10)
model = Sequential()
# Dense(64) is a fully-connected layer with 64 hidden units.
# in the first layer, you must specify the expected input data shape:
# here, 20-dimensional vectors.
model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu', input_dim=20))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
sgd = SGD(lr=0.01, decay=1e-6, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer=sgd,
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=128)
score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)
(2)MLP的二分类:
import numpy as np
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout
# Generate dummy data
x_train = np.random.random((1000, 20))
y_train = np.random.randint(2, size=(1000, 1))
x_test = np.random.random((100, 20))
y_test = np.random.randint(2, size=(100, 1))
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(64, input_dim=20, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=128)
score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)
(3)类似VGG的卷积神经网络:
import numpy as np
import keras
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.optimizers import SGD
# Generate dummy data
x_train = np.random.random((100, 100, 100, 3))
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(np.random.randint(10, size=(100, 1)), num_classes=10)
x_test = np.random.random((20, 100, 100, 3))
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(np.random.randint(10, size=(20, 1)), num_classes=10)
model = Sequential()
# input: 100x100 images with 3 channels -> (100, 100, 3) tensors.
# this applies 32 convolution filters of size 3x3 each.
model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(100, 100, 3)))
model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))
model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
sgd = SGD(lr=0.01, decay=1e-6, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=sgd)
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=10)
score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=32)
(4)使用LSTM的序列分类
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout
from keras.layers import Embedding
from keras.layers import LSTM
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(max_features, output_dim=256))
model.add(LSTM(128))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=16, epochs=10)
score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=16)
(5)使用1D卷积的序列分类
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout
from keras.layers import Embedding
from keras.layers import Conv1D, GlobalAveragePooling1D, MaxPooling1D
model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv1D(64, 3, activation='relu', input_shape=(seq_length, 100)))
model.add(Conv1D(64, 3, activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling1D(3))
model.add(Conv1D(128, 3, activation='relu'))
model.add(Conv1D(128, 3, activation='relu'))
model.add(GlobalAveragePooling1D())
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=16, epochs=10)
score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=16)
(6)用于序列分类的栈式LSTM
在该模型中,我们将三个LSTM
堆叠在一起,是该模型能够学习更高层次的时域特征表示。
开始的两层LSTM返回其全部输出序列,而第三层LSTM只返回其输出序列的最后一步结果,从而其时域维度降低(即将输入序列转换为单个向量)
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import LSTM, Dense
import numpy as np
data_dim = 16
timesteps = 8
num_classes = 10
# expected input data shape: (batch_size, timesteps, data_dim)
model = Sequential()
model.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True,
input_shape=(timesteps, data_dim))) # returns a sequence of vectors of dimension 32
model.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True)) # returns a sequence of vectors of dimension 32
model.add(LSTM(32)) # return a single vector of dimension 32
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# Generate dummy training data
x_train = np.random.random((1000, timesteps, data_dim))
y_train = np.random.random((1000, num_classes))
# Generate dummy validation data
x_val = np.random.random((100, timesteps, data_dim))
y_val = np.random.random((100, num_classes))
model.fit(x_train, y_train,
batch_size=64, epochs=5,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
(7)采用stateful LSTM的相同模型
stateful LSTM
的特点是,在处理过一个batch的训练数据后,其内部状态(记忆)会被作为下一个batch的训练数据的初始状态。状态LSTM使得我们可以在合理的计算复杂度内处理较长序列
请FAQ中关于stateful LSTM的部分获取更多信息
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import LSTM, Dense
import numpy as np
data_dim = 16
timesteps = 8
num_classes = 10
batch_size = 32
# Expected input batch shape: (batch_size, timesteps, data_dim)
# Note that we have to provide the full batch_input_shape since the network is stateful.
# the sample of index i in batch k is the follow-up for the sample i in batch k-1.
model = Sequential()
model.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, stateful=True,
batch_input_shape=(batch_size, timesteps, data_dim)))
model.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, stateful=True))
model.add(LSTM(32, stateful=True))
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# Generate dummy training data
x_train = np.random.random((batch_size * 10, timesteps, data_dim))
y_train = np.random.random((batch_size * 10, num_classes))
# Generate dummy validation data
x_val = np.random.random((batch_size * 3, timesteps, data_dim))
y_val = np.random.random((batch_size * 3, num_classes))
model.fit(x_train, y_train,
batch_size=batch_size, epochs=5, shuffle=False,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))