JavaWeb-HTTP协议

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 15:34:57 发布

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文章标签： http 网络网络协议

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Watson24/article/details/122497953

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JavaWeb-HTTP协议

HTTP 概念

HTTP 协议一般指 HTTP（超文本传输协议）。

超文本传输协议（英语：HyperText Transfer Protocol，缩写：HTTP）是一种用于分布式、协作式和超媒体信息系统的应用层协议，是因特网上应用最为广泛的一种网络传输协议，所有的 WWW 文件都必须遵守这个标准。

HTTP是一个基于TCP/IP通信协议来传递数据（HTML 文件, 图片文件, 查询结果等）。

HTTP 工作原理

HTTP协议工作于客户端-服务端架构上。浏览器作为HTTP客户端通过URL向HTTP服务端即WEB服务器发送所有请求。

Web服务器有：Apache服务器(我们常用的Tomcat)，IIS服务器（Internet Information Services）等。

Web服务器根据接收到的请求后，向客户端发送响应信息。

HTTP默认端口号为80，但是你也可以改为8080或者其他端口。

HTTP三点注意事项

HTTP是无连接：无连接的含义是限制每次连接只处理一个请求。服务器处理完客户的请求，并收到客户的应答后，即断开连接。采用这种方式可以节省传输时间。
HTTP是媒体独立的：这意味着，只要客户端和服务器知道如何处理的数据内容，任何类型的数据都可以通过HTTP发送。客户端以及服务器指定使用适合的MIME-type内容类型。
HTTP是无状态：HTTP协议是无状态协议。无状态是指协议对于事务处理没有记忆能力。缺少状态意味着如果后续处理需要前面的信息，则它必须重传，这样可能导致每次连接传送的数据量增大。另一方面，在服务器不需要先前信息时它的应答就较快。

以下图表展示了HTTP协议通信流程：
在这里插入图片描述

历史版本：

1.0：每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接
1.1：复用连接

HTTP 消息结构

请求消息：客户端发送给服务器端的数据

请求行

请求方式请求url 请求协议/版本
POST /login.html HTTP/1.1

请求方式： Get Post Head Delete Put Tract …

我们常用的有两种 Get和 POST
- GET：请求参数在请求行中，在url后。请求能够携带的参数比较少，大小有限制，不安全，但高效
- POST：请求参数在请求体中，不会再浏览器的URL地址栏显示数据内容，请求能够携带的参数没有限制，大小没有限制，安全，但不高效
请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

请求头名称: 请求头值
- User-Agent：浏览器告诉服务器，我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息
  - 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息，解决浏览器的兼容性问题
- Referer：http://localhost/login.html
  - 告诉服务器，我(当前请求)从哪里来？
    - 防盗链
    - 统计工作
- Host: localhost
  - 主机
- Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8
  - 告诉浏览器，它所支持的数据类型
- Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
  - 告诉浏览器，它的语言环境
- Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  - 支持哪种编码格式
- Connection: keep-alive
  - 告诉浏览器，请求完成是断开连接还是保持连接
- Cache-Control
  - 缓存控制
请求空行

空行，就是用于分割POST请求的请求头，和请求体的。
请求体(正文)：

封装POST请求消息的请求参数的

响应消息：服务器端发送给客户端的数据

响应行

协议/版本响应状态码状态码描述

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
响应状态码：服务器告诉客户端浏览器本次请求和响应的一个状态。
- 状态码都是3位数字
- 分类：
  - 1xx：服务器就收客户端消息，但没有接受完成，等待一段时间后，发送1xx多状态码
  - 2xx：成功。代表：200
  - 3xx：重定向。代表：302(重定向)，304(访问缓存)
  - 4xx：客户端错误。
    
    代表：
    - 404（请求路径没有对应的资源）
    - 405：请求方式没有对应的doXxx方法
  - 5xx：服务器端错误。代表：500(服务器内部出现异常) 502(网关错误)
参考链接

响应状态码详解

源码片段

 public void setStatus(int sc, String sm);
    
    /*
     * Server status codes; see RFC 2068.
     */

    /**
     * Status code (100) indicating the client can continue.
     */

    public static final int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
    
    /**
     * Status code (101) indicating the server is switching protocols
     * according to Upgrade header.
     */

    public static final int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;

    /**
     * Status code (200) indicating the request succeeded normally.
     */

    public static final int SC_OK = 200;

    /**
     * Status code (201) indicating the request succeeded and created
     * a new resource on the server.
     */

    public static final int SC_CREATED = 201;

    /**
     * Status code (202) indicating that a request was accepted for
     * processing, but was not completed.
     */

    public static final int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;

    /**
     * Status code (203) indicating that the meta information presented
     * by the client did not originate from the server.
     */

    public static final int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;

    /**
     * Status code (204) indicating that the request succeeded but that
     * there was no new information to return.
     */

    public static final int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;

    /**
     * Status code (205) indicating that the agent <em>SHOULD</em> reset
     * the document view which caused the request to be sent.
     */

    public static final int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;

    /**
     * Status code (206) indicating that the server has fulfilled
     * the partial GET request for the resource.
     */

    public static final int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;

    /**
     * Status code (300) indicating that the requested resource
     * corresponds to any one of a set of representations, each with
     * its own specific location.
     */

    public static final int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;

    /**
     * Status code (301) indicating that the resource has permanently
     * moved to a new location, and that future references should use a
     * new URI with their requests.
     */

    public static final int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;

    /**
     * Status code (302) indicating that the resource has temporarily
     * moved to another location, but that future references should
     * still use the original URI to access the resource.
     *
     * This definition is being retained for backwards compatibility.
     * SC_FOUND is now the preferred definition.
     */

    public static final int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;

    /**
    * Status code (302) indicating that the resource reside
    * temporarily under a different URI. Since the redirection might
    * be altered on occasion, the client should continue to use the
    * Request-URI for future requests.(HTTP/1.1) To represent the
    * status code (302), it is recommended to use this variable.
    */

    public static final int SC_FOUND = 302;

    /**
     * Status code (303) indicating that the response to the request
     * can be found under a different URI.
     */

    public static final int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;

    /**
     * Status code (304) indicating that a conditional GET operation
     * found that the resource was available and not modified.
     */

    public static final int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;

    /**
     * Status code (305) indicating that the requested resource
     * <em>MUST</em> be accessed through the proxy given by the
     * <code><em>Location</em></code> field.
     */

    public static final int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;

     /**
     * Status code (307) indicating that the requested resource 
     * resides temporarily under a different URI. The temporary URI
     * <em>SHOULD</em> be given by the <code><em>Location</em></code> 
     * field in the response.
     */

     public static final int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;

    /**
     * Status code (400) indicating the request sent by the client was
     * syntactically incorrect.
     */

    public static final int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;

    /**
     * Status code (401) indicating that the request requires HTTP
     * authentication.
     */

    public static final int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;

    /**
     * Status code (402) reserved for future use.
     */

    public static final int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;

    /**
     * Status code (403) indicating the server understood the request
     * but refused to fulfill it.
     */

    public static final int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;

    /**
     * Status code (404) indicating that the requested resource is not
     * available.
     */

    public static final int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;

    /**
     * Status code (405) indicating that the method specified in the
     * <code><em>Request-Line</em></code> is not allowed for the resource
     * identified by the <code><em>Request-URI</em></code>.
     */

    public static final int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;

    /**
     * Status code (406) indicating that the resource identified by the
     * request is only capable of generating response entities which have
     * content characteristics not acceptable according to the accept
     * headers sent in the request.
     */

    public static final int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;

    /**
     * Status code (407) indicating that the client <em>MUST</em> first
     * authenticate itself with the proxy.
     */

    public static final int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;

    /**
     * Status code (408) indicating that the client did not produce a
     * request within the time that the server was prepared to wait.
     */

    public static final int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;

    /**
     * Status code (409) indicating that the request could not be
     * completed due to a conflict with the current state of the
     * resource.
     */

    public static final int SC_CONFLICT = 409;

    /**
     * Status code (410) indicating that the resource is no longer
     * available at the server and no forwarding address is known.
     * This condition <em>SHOULD</em> be considered permanent.
     */

    public static final int SC_GONE = 410;

    /**
     * Status code (411) indicating that the request cannot be handled
     * without a defined <code><em>Content-Length</em></code>.
     */

    public static final int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;

    /**
     * Status code (412) indicating that the precondition given in one
     * or more of the request-header fields evaluated to false when it
     * was tested on the server.
     */

    public static final int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;

    /**
     * Status code (413) indicating that the server is refusing to process
     * the request because the request entity is larger than the server is
     * willing or able to process.
     */

    public static final int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;

    /**
     * Status code (414) indicating that the server is refusing to service
     * the request because the <code><em>Request-URI</em></code> is longer
     * than the server is willing to interpret.
     */

    public static final int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;

    /**
     * Status code (415) indicating that the server is refusing to service
     * the request because the entity of the request is in a format not
     * supported by the requested resource for the requested method.
     */

    public static final int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;

    /**
     * Status code (416) indicating that the server cannot serve the
     * requested byte range.
     */

    public static final int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;

    /**
     * Status code (417) indicating that the server could not meet the
     * expectation given in the Expect request header.
     */

    public static final int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;

    /**
     * Status code (500) indicating an error inside the HTTP server
     * which prevented it from fulfilling the request.
     */

    public static final int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;

    /**
     * Status code (501) indicating the HTTP server does not support
     * the functionality needed to fulfill the request.
     */

    public static final int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;

    /**
     * Status code (502) indicating that the HTTP server received an
     * invalid response from a server it consulted when acting as a
     * proxy or gateway.
     */

    public static final int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;

    /**
     * Status code (503) indicating that the HTTP server is
     * temporarily overloaded, and unable to handle the request.
     */

    public static final int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;

    /**
     * Status code (504) indicating that the server did not receive
     * a timely response from the upstream server while acting as
     * a gateway or proxy.
     */

    public static final int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;

    /**
     * Status code (505) indicating that the server does not support
     * or refuses to support the HTTP protocol version that was used
     * in the request message.
     */

    public static final int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
}

响应头：
- 头名称：值
- 常见的响应头：
  - Content-Type：类型
  - Content-disposition：服务器告诉客户端以什么格式打开响应体数据
  - Cache-Controll ：缓存控制
  - Connection: keep-Alive 连接
  - Content-Encoding ：gzip 编码
响应空行
响应体:传输的数据
- Accept
  - 告诉浏览器，它所支持的数据类型
- Accept-Language
  - 告诉浏览器，它的语言环境
- Accept-Encoding
  - 支持哪种编码格式
- Connection
  - 告诉浏览器，请求完成是断开连接还是保持连接
- Cache-Control
  - 缓存控制
- Host: localhost
  - 主机
- Refresh
  - 告诉客户端，多久刷新一次
- Location
  - 让网页重新定位

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JavaWeb-HTTP协议

JavaWeb-HTTP协议HTTP 概念HTTP 协议一般指 HTTP（超文本传输协议）。超文本传输协议（英语：HyperText Transfer Protocol，缩写：HTTP）是一种用于分布式、协作式和超媒体信息系统的应用层协议，是因特网上应用最为广泛的一种网络传输协议，所有的 WWW 文件都必须遵守这个标准。HTTP是一个基于TCP/IP通信协议来传递数据（HTML 文件, 图片文件, 查询结果等）。HTTP 工作原理HTTP协议工作于客户端-服务端架构上。浏览器作为HTTP
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