高数习题8.1

1. 求${\int }_L(xy+yz+zx)ds$，其中L为过四点$O(0,0,0),A(0,0,1),B(0,1,1),C(1,1,1)$的折线.
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L(xy+yz+zx)ds& ={\int }_{L1}(xy+yz+zx)ds+{\int }_{L2}(xy+yz+zx)ds+{\int }_{L3}(xy+yz+zx)ds\\ & =0+{\int }_0^{1}ydy+{\int }_0^{1}x+1+xdx\\ & =\frac{1}{2}+2\\ & =\frac{5}{2}\end{array}$
2. 求${\oint }_{L}xyds$，其中L是正方形：$|x|+|y|=a(a>0)$的边界.
   解：
   $$\begin{gathered} L1:x+y=a \\ L2:y-x=a \\ L3:x+y=-a \\ L4:x-y=a \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L}xyds& ={\oint }_{L1}xyds+{\oint }_{L2}xyds+{\oint }_{L3}xyds+{\oint }_{L4}xyds\\ & ={\int }_a^{0}x(a-x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_0^{-a}x(a+x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_{-a}^{0}x(-a-x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_0^{a}x(x-a)\sqrt{2}dx\\ & ={\int }_a^{0}x(a-x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_{-a}^{0}x(-a-x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_0^{-a}x(a+x)\sqrt{2}dx+{\int }_0^{a}x(x-a)\sqrt{2}dx\\ & =0+0\\ & =0\end{array}$
3. 求${\int }_L(1+y^2)ds$，其中L为摆线段：$x=a(t-sint),y=a(1-cost),0\le t\le 2\pi$.
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L(1+y^2)ds& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }[1+a^2(1-cost{)}^2]\sqrt{a^2(1-cost{)}^2+a^{2}si{n}^{2}t}dt\\ & ={\int }_0^{2\pi }(1+4a^{2}si{n}^4\frac{t}{2})2asin\frac{t}{2}dt\\ & =2a{\int }_0^{2\pi }(sin\frac{t}{2}+4a^{2}si{n}^5\frac{t}{2})dt\\ & =-4a{[cos\frac{t}{2}+4a^2(cos\frac{t}{2}-\frac{2co{s}^3\frac{t}{2}}{3}+\frac{co{s}^5\frac{t}{2}}{5})]|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =8a+\frac{256}{15}{a}^3\end{array}$
4. 求${\int }_L\frac{1}{x^2+y^2+z^2}ds$，其中L为螺旋线段：$x=acost,y=asint,z=bt(0\le t\le 2\pi ,a>0,b>0)$.
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L\frac{1}{x^2+y^2+z^2}ds& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }\frac{1}{a^2+b^2{t}^2}\sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^{2}t+a^{2}co{s}^{2}t+b^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}{\int }_0^{2\pi }\frac{1}{a^2+b^2{t}^2}dt\\ & =\frac{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}{ab}{arctan(\frac{bt}{a})|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =\frac{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}{ab}arctan(\frac{2\pi b}{a})\end{array}$
5. 求${\oint }_C(x+y)ds$，其中C为双纽线：$r^2=a^{2}cos2\theta$的右面的一瓣(a>0).（提示：先写出曲线的参数方程.）
   解：
   画图：
   
   $\{\begin{array}{l}x=a\sqrt{cos2\theta }cos\theta \\ y=a\sqrt{cos2\theta }sin\theta \end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_C(x+y)ds& ={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}(a\sqrt{cos2\theta }cos\theta +a\sqrt{cos2\theta }sin\theta )\sqrt{(-\frac{asin3\theta }{\sqrt{cos2\theta }}{)}^2+(\frac{acos3\theta }{\sqrt{cos2\theta }}{)}^2}d\theta \\ & =a^2{\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}(cos\theta +sin\theta )d\theta \\ & =a^2{(sin\theta -cos\theta )|}_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\\ & =\sqrt{2}{a}^2\end{array}$
6. 求${\int }_{L}xyds$，其中L是椭圆周：$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$位于第一象限中的那部分.
   解：
   $\{\begin{array}{l}x=acos\theta \\ y=bsin\theta \end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{L}xyds& ={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}(abcos\theta sin\theta )\sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta }d\theta \\ & =\frac{ab}{2(a^2-b^2)}{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta }d(a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta )\\ & =\frac{ab}{3(a^2-b^2)}{(a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta {)}^{\frac{3}{2}}|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\\ & =\frac{ab(a^2+ab+b^2)}{3(a+b)}\end{array}$
7. 求${\int }_L\sqrt{x^2+y^2}ds$，其中L为曲线段：$x=a(cost+tsint),y=a(sint-tcost)(0\le t\le 2\pi )$.
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L\sqrt{x^2+y^2}ds& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }a\sqrt{t^2+1}a\sqrt{t^2}dt\\ & =a^2{\int }_0^{2\pi }t\sqrt{t^2+1}dt\\ & =\frac{a^2}{3}{(t^2+1{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =\frac{a^2}{3}[(4{\pi }^2+1{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}-1]\end{array}$
8. 求${\int }_L(x+\sqrt{y}-z^5)ds$，其中L由曲线段$L_1$与$L_2$组成，$L_1$与$L_2$的方程分别为
   $$\begin{gathered} L_1:\{\begin{array}{l}y=x^2,\\ z=0,\end{array}0\le x\le 1; \\ {L}_2:\{\begin{array}{l}x=1,\\ y=1,\end{array}0\le z\le 1. \end{gathered}$$
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L(x+\sqrt{y}-z^5)ds& ={\int }_{L_1}(x+\sqrt{y})ds+{\int }_{L_2}(2-z^5)ds\\ & ={\int }_0^1(2x\sqrt{1+4x^2})dx+{\int }_0^1(2-z^5)dz\\ & ={\frac{(1+4x^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6}+2x-\frac{x^6}{6}|}_0^1\\ & =\frac{5\sqrt{5}+10}{6}\end{array}$
9. 若椭圆周$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$上任一点$(x,y)$处的线密度为$|y|$，求椭圆周的质量(0<b<a).
   解：
   设L为椭圆周，$L_1$为椭圆周的上半部分，$L_2$为椭圆周的下半部分。
   $\{\begin{array}{l}x=acos\theta \\ y=bsin\theta \end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_L|y|ds& ={\int }_{L_1}yds+{\int }_{L_2}-yds\\ & ={\int }_0^{\pi }(bsin\theta \sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta })d\theta +{\int }_{\pi }^{2\pi }(-bsin\theta \sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta })d\theta \\ & =4{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}(bsin\theta \sqrt{a^{2}si{n}^2\theta +b^{2}co{s}^2\theta })d\theta \\ & =-4ab{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sqrt{1-\frac{(a^2-b^2)}{a^2}co{s}^2\theta }dcos\theta \\ & =-\frac{2a^{2}b}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{[arcsin(\frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a}cos\theta )+\frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a}cos\theta \sqrt{1-(\frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a}cos\theta {)}^2}]|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\\ & =\frac{2a^{2}b}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}arcsin(\frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a})+2b^2\end{array}$
10. 求均匀摆线段：$x=a(t-sint),y=a(1-cost),(0\le t\le \pi )$的质心（其中$a>0$）.
    解：
    $\begin{array}{rl}{x}_0& =\frac{{\int }_{L}xds}{{\int }_{L}ds}\\ & =\frac{{\int }_0^{\pi }a(t-sint)\sqrt{a^2(1-cost{)}^2+a^{2}sin{t}^{2}t}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{a^2(1-cost{)}^2+a^{2}sin{t}^{2}t}dt}\\ & =\frac{a{\int }_0^{\pi }(t-sint)\sqrt{2-2cost}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{2-2cost}dt}\\ & =a\frac{{\int }_0^{\pi }2tsin\frac{t}{2}-4si{n}^2\frac{t}{2}cos\frac{t}{2}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }2sin\frac{t}{2}dt}\\ & =a\frac{{4sin\frac{t}{2}-2tcos\frac{t}{2}-\frac{4si{n}^3\frac{t}{2}}{3}|}_0^{\pi }}{{-2cos\frac{t}{2}|}_0^{\pi }}\\ & =\frac{4a}{3}\end{array}$
    $\begin{array}{rl}{y}_0& =\frac{{\int }_{L}yds}{{\int }_{L}ds}\\ & =\frac{{\int }_0^{\pi }a(1-cost)\sqrt{a^2(1-cost{)}^2+a^{2}sin{t}^{2}t}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{a^2(1-cost{)}^2+a^{2}sin{t}^{2}t}dt}\\ & =\frac{a{\int }_0^{\pi }(1-cost)\sqrt{2-2cost}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }\sqrt{2-2cost}dt}\\ & =a\frac{{\int }_0^{\pi }4si{n}^3\frac{t}{2}dt}{{\int }_0^{\pi }2sin\frac{t}{2}dt}\\ & =a\frac{{-4cos\frac{t}{2}+\frac{4cos\frac{t}{2}}{3}|}_0^{\pi }}{{-2cos\frac{t}{2}|}_0^{\pi }}\\ & =\frac{4a}{3}\end{array}$
    所以质心为：$(\frac{4a}{3},\frac{4a}{3})$
11. 求${\int }_L{x}^{2}ds$，其中L为圆周：$\{\begin{array}{l}{x}^2+y^2+z^2=a^2,\\ x+y+z=0.\end{array}$
    解：
    方程消去z，得$x^2+xy+y^2=\frac{a^2}{2}$，再令$x=x_1-y_1,y=x_1+y_1$，得$3x_1^2+y_1^2=\frac{a^2}{2}$
    参数方程为：
    $\{\begin{array}{l}x=\frac{\sqrt{2}a}{2}(\frac{\sqrt{3}cost}{3}-sint)\\ y=\frac{\sqrt{2}a}{2}(\frac{\sqrt{3}cost}{3}+sint)\\ z=-\frac{\sqrt{6}acost}{3}\end{array}$
    $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_L{x}^{2}ds& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }\frac{a^2}{2}(\frac{\sqrt{3}cost}{3}-sint{)}^2\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{2}(-\frac{\sqrt{3}sint}{3}-cost{)}^2+\frac{a^2}{2}(-\frac{\sqrt{3}sint}{3}+cost{)}^2+\frac{2a^{2}si{n}^{2}t}{3}}dt\\ & =\frac{a^3}{6}{\int }_0^{2\pi }(2-cos2t-\sqrt{3}sin2t)dt\\ & =\frac{a^3}{6}{(2t-\frac{sin2t}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{3}cos2t}{2})|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =\frac{2a^3\pi }{3}\end{array}$