http协议基础

HTTP协议
	应用级别协议
	
	术语：
		connection：两个应用间传输层虚拟回路
		message: HTTP通信基本单元，由结构化的序列组成
		request: 请求message
		response: 应答message
		resource: 网络数据对象或服务，通过URL进行识别
		entity: request或response中作为负载的information
		representation: response中entity，用来content negotiation
		content negotiation: 一种机制，选择合适的representation
		variant：一个resource可能有多个representation,每个representation称作variant
		user agent: 用于初始化请求的client,通常是浏览器、编辑器、spider
		origin server: resource保存或被创建的服务器
		proxy：中间程序，同时扮演客户端、服务器
		gateway：为其他server当作中转站，同proxy不同，gateway好像就是resource的origin server.
		tunnel: 充当两个连接之间接力棒
		upstream/downstream： 描述message的流程，所有的message从upstream流向downstream.
		inbound/outbound: 针对message，引用request或response路径
		
		
请求= request method + URI + protocol version + (MIME-like message)
	MIME-like message = modifiers + client information + body content 
	
应答 = status line + MIME-like message 
	status line = protocol version + code 
	MIME-like message = server information + entity metainformation + entity-body content 
		
		
proxy: 转发代理人，先接收请求，然后重写全部或部分message,将格式化后的message发往URI标识的server;
gateway: 接收代理人，在其他server上扮演一个layer,如果必要，将请求协议翻译为下层服务器协议；
tunnel: 在两个connection之间扮演replay点，不改变message。当两个connection之间需要返回firewall时使用
		
请求/应答流程
	UA: user agent
	O: Origin server
	v: connectin
	G: Gateway
		
	A, B, C:代表三个中间程序
(简单流程)
 request chain ------------------->UA---------------->v------------->O
									|								|
									---------<----------------------|response chain

（复杂流程）
 request chain ------------------->UA------>v------->A----->v----->B------v----->C-----v------>O 
								   |														  |
								   |--------------------<-------------------------------------|response chain
								   
（使用缓存）
 request chain ------------------->UA------>v------->A----->v----->B------v----->C-----v------>O 
								   |														  |
								   |--------------------<----------response chain
								   
基本规则
	   OCTET          = <any 8-bit sequence of data>
       CHAR           = <any US-ASCII character (octets 0 - 127)>
       UPALPHA        = <any US-ASCII uppercase letter "A".."Z">
       LOALPHA        = <any US-ASCII lowercase letter "a".."z">
       ALPHA          = UPALPHA | LOALPHA
       DIGIT          = <any US-ASCII digit "0".."9">
       CTL            = <any US-ASCII control character
                        (octets 0 - 31) and DEL (127)>
       CR             = <US-ASCII CR, carriage return (13)>
       LF             = <US-ASCII LF, linefeed (10)>
       SP             = <US-ASCII SP, space (32)>
       HT             = <US-ASCII HT, horizontal-tab (9)>
       <">            = <US-ASCII double-quote mark (34)>
	HTTP/1.1定义CR LF为所有协议元素的换行标记，除了entity-body;
	   CRLF           = CR LF
	HTTP/1.1头部字段可被包装为多行
	   TEXT           = <any OCTET except CTLs, but including LWS>
	   HEX            = "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F"
                      | "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | DIGIT
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