个人专栏—张量分析专栏
- 张量分析学习笔记一——张量分析基本概念 张量分析学习笔记一——张量分析基本概念(https://blog.csdn.net/Zh531445436/article/details/136374766?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502)
- 张量分析学习笔记二——克罗内克符号与置换符号 张量分析学习笔记二——克罗内克符号与置换符号
- 张量分析学习笔记三——张量积 张量分析学习笔记三——张量积
- 张量分析学习笔记四——张量的基本运算法则 张量分析学习笔记四——张量的基本运算法则
文章目录
张量的运算看起来很复杂,因为很多时候都是在操作符号,本节介绍张量运算常用的两种符号。
克罗内克符号
克罗内克符号 \color{green}克罗内克符号 克罗内克符号(Kronecker delta) δ i j \delta_{ij} δij定义如下:
δ i j = e ^ i ⋅ e ^ j = { 1 if i = j 0 if i ≠ j \delta_{ij}=\hat{e}_i\cdot\hat{e}_j=\begin{cases} 1& \text{if} \quad i=j\\ 0& \text{if} \quad i\ne j \end{cases} δij=e^i⋅e^j={10ifi=jifi=j
其中, e ^ i \hat{e}_i e^i和 e ^ j \hat{e}_j e^j是正交坐标基, e ^ i ⋅ e ^ j \hat{e}_i\cdot\hat{e}_j e^i⋅e^j的矩阵形式为:
e ^ i ⋅ e ^ j = [ e ^ 1 ⋅ e ^ 1 e ^ 1 ⋅ e ^ 2 e ^ 1 ⋅ e ^ 3 e ^ 2 ⋅ e ^ 1 e ^ 2 ⋅ e ^ 2 e ^ 2 ⋅ e ^ 3 e ^ 3 ⋅ e ^ 1 e ^ 3 ⋅ e ^ 2 e ^ 3 ⋅ e ^ 3 ] = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] = δ i j \hat{e}_i\cdot\hat{e}_j=\begin{bmatrix} \hat{e}_1\cdot \hat{e}_1 & \hat{e}_1\cdot \hat{e}_2 & \hat{e}_1\cdot \hat{e}_3\\ \hat{e}_2\cdot \hat{e}_1 & \hat{e}_2\cdot \hat{e}_2 & \hat{e}_2\cdot \hat{e}_3\\ \hat{e}_3\cdot \hat{e}_1 & \hat{e}_3\cdot \hat{e}_2 & \hat{e}_3\cdot \hat{e}_3 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}=\delta_{ij} e^i⋅e^j= e^1⋅e^1e^2⋅e^1e^3⋅e^1e^1⋅e^2e^2⋅e^2e^3⋅e^2e^1⋅e^3e^2⋅e^3e^3⋅e^3 = 100010001 =δij
克罗内克符号 \color{green}克罗内克符号 克罗内克符号(Kronecker delta) δ i j \delta_{ij} δij性质:
- δ i j V i = V j \delta_{ij}V_i=V_j δijVi=Vj
证明:向量 V ⃗ \vec{V} V的坐标分量为 V i V_i Vi
δ i j V i = δ 1 j V 1 + δ 2 j V 2 + δ 3 j V 3 \delta_{ij}V_i=\delta_{1j}V_1+\delta_{2j}V_2+\delta_{3j}V_3 δijVi=δ1jV1+δ2jV2+δ3jV3
其中
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\left. \begin{gathered} j=1\Rightarrow \delta_{ij}V_i=\delta_{11}V_1+\delta_{21}V_1+\delta_{31}V_3=V_1\\ j=2\Rightarrow \delta_{ij}V_i=\delta_{12}V_1+\delta_{22}V_1+\delta_{32}V_3=V_2\\ j=3\Rightarrow \delta_{ij}V_i=\delta_{13}V_1+\delta_{23}V_1+\delta_{33}V_3=V_3 \end{gathered} \right\} \Rightarrow \delta_{ij}V_i=V_j
j=1⇒δijVi=δ11V1+δ21V1+δ31V3=V1j=2⇒δijVi=δ12V1+δ22V1+δ32V3=V2j=3⇒δijVi=δ13V1+δ23V1+δ33V3=V3⎭
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⎫⇒δijVi=Vj
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δ i j A i k = A j k \delta_{ij}A_{ik}=A_{jk} δijAik=Ajk
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δ i j δ j i = δ i i = δ j j = δ 11 + δ 22 + δ 33 \delta_{ij}\delta_{ji}=\delta_{ii}=\delta_{jj}=\delta_{11}+\delta_{22}+\delta_{33} δijδji=δii=δjj=δ11+δ22+δ33
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δ j i a j i = a i i = a 11 + a 22 + a 33 \delta_{ji}a_{ji}=a_{ii}=a_{11}+a_{22}+a_{33} δjiaji=aii=a11+a22+a33
应用示例
- 求 δ i i δ j j \delta_{ii}\delta_{jj} δiiδjj的值
解: δ i i δ j j = ( δ 11 + δ 22 + δ 33 ) ( δ 11 + δ 22 + δ 33 ) = 3 × 3 = 9 \delta_{ii}\delta_{jj}=(\delta_{11}+\delta_{22}+\delta_{33})(\delta_{11}+\delta_{22}+\delta_{33})=3\times 3=9 δiiδjj=(δ11+δ22+δ33)(δ11+δ22+δ33)=3×3=9
- 求 δ α 1 δ α γ δ γ 1 \delta_{\alpha 1}\delta_{\alpha \gamma}\delta_{\gamma 1} δα1δαγδγ1的值
解: δ α 1 δ α γ δ γ 1 = δ 1 γ δ γ 1 = δ 11 = 1 \delta_{\alpha 1}\delta_{\alpha \gamma}\delta_{\gamma 1}=\delta_{1 \gamma}\delta_{\gamma 1}=\delta_{11}=1 δα1δαγδγ1=δ1γδγ1=δ11=1
置换符号
置换符号 \color{green}置换符号 置换符号(Permutation Symbol) ϵ i j k \epsilon_{ijk} ϵijk定义如下:
ϵ i j k = { 1 if ( i , j , k ) ∈ { ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 1 , 2 ) } − 1 if ( i , j , k ) ∈ { ( 1 , 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 1 , 3 ) } 0 if ( i = j ) or ( j = k ) or ( i = k ) \epsilon_{ijk}=\begin{cases} 1 & \textit{if} \quad (i,j,k)\in \{(1,2,3),(2,3,1),(3,1,2)\}\\ -1 & \textit{if} \quad (i,j,k)\in \{(1,3,2),(3,2,1),(2,1,3)\}\\ 0 & \textit{if} \quad (i=j) \textit{or}(j=k) \textit{or}(i=k) \end{cases} ϵijk=⎩ ⎨ ⎧1−10if(i,j,k)∈{(1,2,3),(2,3,1),(3,1,2)}if(i,j,k)∈{(1,3,2),(3,2,1),(2,1,3)}if(i=j)or(j=k)or(i=k)
如图所示,指针以顺时针为正,逆时针为负。
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\epsilon_{ijk}=-\epsilon_{ikj}=-\epsilon_{jik}
ϵijk=−ϵikj=−ϵjik
应用克罗内克符号性质可得:
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\begin{aligned} \epsilon_{ijk}&=\epsilon_{lmn}\delta_{li}\delta_{mj}\delta_{nk}\\ &=\delta_{1i}\delta_{2j}\delta_{3k}-\delta_{1i}\delta_{3j}\delta_{2k}-\delta_{2i}\delta_{1j}\delta_{3k}+\delta_{3i}\delta_{1j}\delta_{2k}+\delta_{2i}\delta_{3j}\delta_{1k}-\delta_{3i}\delta_{2j}\delta_{1k}\\ &=\delta_{1i}(\delta_{2j}\delta_{3k}-\delta_{3j}\delta_{2k})-\delta_{1j}(\delta_{2i}\delta_{3k}-\delta_{3i}\delta_{2k})+\delta_{1k}(\delta_{2i}\delta_{3j}-\delta_{3i}\delta_{2j})\\ &=\begin{vmatrix} \delta_{1i} & \delta_{2i} & \delta_{3i}\\ \delta_{1j} & \delta_{2j} & \delta_{3j}\\ \delta_{1k} & \delta_{2k} & \delta_{3k} \end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix} \delta_{1i} & \delta_{1j} & \delta_{1k}\\ \delta_{2i} & \delta_{2j} & \delta_{2k}\\ \delta_{3i} & \delta_{3j} & \delta_{3k} \end{vmatrix} \end{aligned}
ϵijk=ϵlmnδliδmjδnk=δ1iδ2jδ3k−δ1iδ3jδ2k−δ2iδ1jδ3k+δ3iδ1jδ2k+δ2iδ3jδ1k−δ3iδ2jδ1k=δ1i(δ2jδ3k−δ3jδ2k)−δ1j(δ2iδ3k−δ3iδ2k)+δ1k(δ2iδ3j−δ3iδ2j)=
δ1iδ1jδ1kδ2iδ2jδ2kδ3iδ3jδ3k
=
δ1iδ2iδ3iδ1jδ2jδ3jδ1kδ2kδ3k
置换符号 \color{green}置换符号 置换符号(Permutation Symbol) ϵ i j k \epsilon_{ijk} ϵijk性质:
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ϵ i j k ϵ p q r = ∣ δ i p δ i q δ i r δ j p δ j q δ j r δ k p δ k q δ k r ∣ \epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=\begin{vmatrix} \delta_{ip} & \delta_{iq} & \delta_{ir}\\ \delta_{jp} & \delta_{jq} & \delta_{jr}\\ \delta_{kp} & \delta_{kq} & \delta_{kr} \end{vmatrix} ϵijkϵpqr= δipδjpδkpδiqδjqδkqδirδjrδkr
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$ \epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=\delta_{ip}\delta_{jq}-\delta_{iq}\delta_{jp}\quad (i,j,k,p,q=1,2,3; r=k) $
证明:
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\epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=\begin{vmatrix} \delta_{ip} & \delta_{iq} & \delta_{ir}\\ \delta_{jp} & \delta_{jq} & \delta_{jr}\\ \delta_{kp} & \delta_{kq} & 3 \end{vmatrix}
ϵijkϵpqr=
δipδjpδkpδiqδjqδkqδirδjr3
由克罗内克符号可知 δ i k , δ j k , δ i r , δ j r \quad \delta{ik},\,\delta{jk},\,\delta{ir},\,\delta{jr} δik,δjk,δir,δjr均为0
$\Rightarrow \epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=\delta_{ip}\delta_{jq}-\delta_{iq}\delta_{jp} $
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$ \epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=2\delta_{ip}\quad (i,p=1,2,3; j=q,r=k) $
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$ \epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{pqr}=6 (i=p, j=q,r=k) $
应用示例
向量积
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\vec{a}\times \vec{b}=\vec{c}
a×b=c在笛卡尔坐标系展开式为
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\begin{aligned} \vec{c}&=\vec{a}\times\vec{b}=\begin{vmatrix} \hat{e}_1 & \hat{e}_2 & \hat{e}_3\\ a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \\ b_1 & b_2 & b_3 \end{vmatrix}\\ &=\underbrace{(a_2b_3-a_3b_2)}_{c_1}\hat{e}_1+\underbrace{(a_3b_1-a_1b_3)}_{c_2}\hat{e}_2+\underbrace{(a_1b_2-a_2b_1)}_{c_3}\hat{e}_3 \end{aligned}
c=a×b=
e^1a1b1e^2a2b2e^3a3b3
=c1
(a2b3−a3b2)e^1+c2
(a3b1−a1b3)e^2+c3
(a1b2−a2b1)e^3
应用置换张量得:
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\left. \begin{gathered} c_1=\epsilon_{123}a_2b_3+\epsilon_{132}a_3b_2=\epsilon_{1jk}a_jb_k\\ c_2=\epsilon_{231}a_3b_1+\epsilon_{213}a_1b_3=\epsilon_{2jk}a_jb_k\\ c_3=\epsilon_{312}a_1b_2+\epsilon_{321}a_2b_1=\epsilon_{3jk}a_jb_k \end{gathered} \right\} \Longrightarrow c_i=\epsilon_{ijk}a_jb_k
c1=ϵ123a2b3+ϵ132a3b2=ϵ1jkajbkc2=ϵ231a3b1+ϵ213a1b3=ϵ2jkajbkc3=ϵ312a1b2+ϵ321a2b1=ϵ3jkajbk⎭
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⎫⟹ci=ϵijkajbk
a ⃗ × b ⃗ = a j b k ( e ^ j × e ^ k ) = a j b k ϵ i j k e ^ i = ϵ i j k a j b k e ^ i \vec{a}\times \vec{b}=a_jb_k(\hat{e}_j\times \hat{e}_k)=a_jb_k\epsilon_{ijk}\hat{e}_i=\epsilon_{ijk}a_jb_k\hat{e}_i a×b=ajbk(e^j×e^k)=ajbkϵijke^i=ϵijkajbke^i
( e ^ j × e ^ k ) = ϵ i j k e ^ i (\hat{e}_j\times \hat{e}_k)=\epsilon_{ijk}\hat{e}_i (e^j×e^k)=ϵijke^i
( e ^ j × e ^ k ) ⋅ e ^ k = ϵ i j m e ^ m ⋅ e ^ k = ϵ i j m δ m k = ϵ i j k (\hat{e}_j\times \hat{e}_k)\cdot \hat{e}_k=\epsilon_{ijm}\hat{e}_m\cdot \hat{e}_k=\epsilon_{ijm}\delta_{mk}=\epsilon_{ijk} (e^j×e^k)⋅e^k=ϵijme^m⋅e^k=ϵijmδmk=ϵijk
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