2024 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）试题
（科目代码：201）
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
There’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. （1） the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in （2） disabled access to buildings and helping provide general （3） to commercial buildings.
Self - sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years （4） by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They （5） as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their （6） have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly （7） in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors （8） crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’ way.
（9） making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area （10） by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these （11） smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to （12） the way for a large, sticking - out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each （13） specific signals to tell them when to open. （14） these methods differ, the main （15） remain the same.
Each automatic door system （16） the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to （17） the different environments they are needed in. （18）, a busy street might not （19） a motion - sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers - by. A pressure - sensitive mat would be more （20） to limit the surveyed area.
1.[A] Through [B] Despite [C] Besides [D] Without
2.[A] revealing [B] demanding [C] improving [D] tracing
3.[A] experience [B] convenience [C] guidance [D] reference
4.[A] previously [B] temporarily [C] successively [D] eventually
5.[A] held on [B] started out [C] settled down [D] went by
6.[A] relations [B] volumes [C] benefits [D] sources
7.[A] useful [B] simple [C] flexible [D] stable
8[A] call for [B] yield to [C] insist on [D] act as
9.[A] As well as [B] In terms of [C] Thanks to [D] Rather than
10.[A] connected [B] shared [C] represented [D] occupied
11.[A] allow [B] expect [C] require [D] direct
12.[A] adopt [B] lead [C] clear [D] change
13.[A] adapting to [B] deriving from [C] relying on [D] pointing at
14.[A] Once [B] Since [C] Unless [D] Although
15.[A] records [B] positions [C] principles [D] reasons
16.[A] controls [B] analyses [C] produces [D] mixes
17.[A] decorate [B] compare [C] protect [D] complement
18.[A] In conclusion [B] By contrast [C] For example [D] Above all
19.[A] identify [B] suit [C] secure [D] include
20.[A] appropriate [B] obvious [C] impressive [D] delicate
翻译：
第一节 英语知识运用
说明：
阅读下面的短文。为每个标有序号的空白处选择最合适的单词，并在答题卡上标记 A、B、C 或 D。（10 分）
没有什么比为你打开的门更让人感到受欢迎的了。自动门无需手动开关，对于改善残疾人进入建筑物的通道至关重要，同时也有助于为商业建筑提供普遍的便利。
自动滑动门在 1960 年作为商业产品出现，它是由美国人迪・霍顿（Dee Horton）和卢・休伊特（Lew Hewitt）在六年前发明的。它们起初只是一种新奇的功能，但随着使用范围的扩大，在我们这个技术先进的世界里，其益处也在不断扩展。在繁忙场所或紧急情况下尤其有用，这些门通过减少人们通行的障碍，起到人群管理的作用。
除了让人们进出建筑物更方便之外，许多自动门开启方式的不同还有助于减少它们所占用的总面积。自动门通常向侧面开启，门板相互滑动。这些门取代了平开门，使小型建筑能够在无需为向外突出的大门清理通道的情况下，最大化内部可用空间。自动门有很多不同的类型，每种都依靠特定的信号来指示何时开启。尽管这些方法各不相同，但主要的原理是一样的。
每个自动门系统都会分析其附近的光线、声音、重量或运动作为开启的信号。选择传感器类型是为了适配其所需的不同环境。例如，繁忙的街道可能不适合安装运动感应门，因为它会不断地为路人开启。压力感应垫在限制检测区域方面会更合适。
1.
[A] Through：通过；穿过
[B] Despite：尽管；不管
[C] Besides：除…… 之外（还）
[D] Without：没有；不用
2.
[A] revealing：揭示；透露；展现
[B] demanding：要求；需要；苛求的
[C] improving：改善；提高；改进
[D] tracing：追踪；追溯；描绘
3.
[A] experience：经历；经验
[B] convenience：便利；方便；便利设施
[C] guidance：指导；引导；咨询
[D] reference：参考；参照；涉及
4.
[A] previously：先前；以前
[B] temporarily：暂时地；临时地
[C] successively：连续地；依次地；相继地
[D] eventually：最终；终于
5.
[A] held on：坚持；抓住不放；继续
[B] started out：起初是；开始时是；出发
[C] settled down：定居；安定下来；平静下来
[D] went by：（时间）流逝；过去；经过
6.
[A] relations：关系；联系；交往
[B] volumes：体积；容量；音量；大量
[C] benefits：益处；好处；福利
[D] sources：来源；出处；消息来源
7.
[A] useful：有用的；实用的；有帮助的
[B] simple：简单的；简易的；单纯的
[C] flexible：灵活的；可变动的；柔韧的
[D] stable：稳定的；稳固的；安定的
8.
[A] call for：要求；需要；呼吁
[B] yield to：屈服于；让步于；顺从
[C] insist on：坚持；坚决要求；坚决主张
[D] act as：充当；担任；起…… 作用
9.
[A] As well as：除…… 之外（还）；和…… 一样
[B] In terms of：就…… 而言；在…… 方面；关于
[C] Thanks to：由于；幸亏；因为
[D] Rather than：而不是；与其…… 倒不如
10.
[A] connected：连接；关联；联系
[B] shared：分享；共享；共用
[C] represented：代表；象征；表示
[D] occupied：占用；占据；忙于
11.
[A] allow：允许；准许；使能够
[B] expect：期望；预计；期待
[C] require：要求；需要；规定
[D] direct：指导；指挥；指向；管理
12.
[A] adopt：采用；采取；收养
[B] lead：引导；带领；导致
[C] clear：清理；清除；使清楚易懂
[D] change：改变；变化；更改
13.
[A] adapting to：适应；使适应
[B] deriving from：源自；来源于；由…… 衍生
[C] relying on：依靠；依赖；信赖
[D] pointing at：指向；指着
14.
[A] Once：一旦；一…… 就；曾经
[B] Since：因为；既然；自从
[C] Unless：除非；如果不
[D] Although：虽然；尽管；即使
15.
[A] records：记录；记载；唱片
[B] positions：位置；职位；立场
[C] principles：原理；原则；准则
[D] reasons：原因；理由；道理
16.
[A] controls：控制；支配；管理
[B] analyses：分析；剖析；对…… 进行分析
[C] produces：生产；产生；制造
[D] mixes：混合；搅拌；使结合
17.
[A] decorate：装饰；装修；美化
[B] compare：比较；对比；与…… 类似
[C] protect：保护；防护；保卫
[D] complement：补充；补足；使完美
18.
[A] In conclusion：总之；最后；综上所述
[B] By contrast：相比之下；与之相比；相反
[C] For example：例如；比如
[D] Above all：首先；最重要的是；尤其是
19.
[A] identify：识别；认出；鉴定
[B] suit：适合；适宜；相配
[C] secure：保护；使安全；获得
[D] include：包括；包含；使成为…… 的一部分
20.
[A] appropriate：合适的；恰当的；相称的
[B] obvious：明显的；显然的；易理解的
[C] impressive：令人印象深刻的；引人注目的；了不起的
[D] delicate：精致的；微妙的；易碎的
逐题解析及中英对照
第 1 题
英文解析：“1 the need to be touched to open or close”，这里需要一个表示 “无需” 含义的词，“Without” 表示 “没有；无需” ，符合语境，即自动门无需触摸即可开关。“Through” 意为 “通过”；“Despite” 意为 “尽管”；“Besides” 意为 “除…… 之外（还）” ，均不符合此处语义。
中文解析：无需触摸即可打开或关闭，“Without”（无需）符合语义，“Through”（通过）、“Despite”（尽管）、“Besides”（除…… 之外还）不符合。
第 2 题
英文解析：“automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings”，“improving” 有 “改善；提高” 的意思，自动门对于改善残疾人进入建筑物的通道是至关重要的 。“revealing” 意为 “揭示；透露”；“demanding” 意为 “要求；需要”；“tracing” 意为 “追踪；追溯” ，都不能准确表达此处 “改善通道” 的含义。
中文解析：自动门在改善残疾人进入建筑物的通道方面至关重要，“improving”（改善）合适，“revealing”（揭示）、“demanding”（要求）、“tracing”（追踪）不合适。
第 3 题
英文解析：“helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings”，“convenience” 表示 “便利；方便” ，自动门能为进入商业建筑提供便利。“experience” 意为 “经历；经验”；“guidance” 意为 “指导；引导”；“reference” 意为 “参考；参照” ，都不符合 “提供便利” 这一语义。
中文解析：帮助为进入商业建筑提供普遍的便利，“convenience”（便利）正确，“experience”（经验）、“guidance”（指导）、“reference”（参考）错误。
第 4 题
英文解析：“invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt”，“previously” 表示 “先前；以前” ，即自动门在 1960 年作为商业产品出现，是在六年前被发明的。“temporarily” 意为 “暂时地”；“successively” 意为 “连续地；依次地”；“eventually” 意为 “最终；终于” ，都不符合 “六年前发明” 的时间描述。
中文解析：六年前由美国人迪・霍顿和卢・休伊特发明，“previously”（先前）符合，“temporarily”（暂时地）、“successively”（连续地）、“eventually”（最终）不符合。
第 5 题
英文解析：“They 5 as a novelty feature”，“started out” 有 “起初是；开始时是” 的意思，这里指自动门起初是作为一种新奇的功能。“held on” 意为 “坚持；继续”；“settled down” 意为 “定居；安定下来”；“went by” 意为 “经过；逝去” ，都不能表达 “起初是” 的含义。
中文解析：它们起初是作为一种新奇的功能，“started out”（起初是）正确，“held on”（坚持）、“settled down”（定居）、“went by”（经过）错误。
第 6 题
英文解析：“but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world”，“benefits” 表示 “益处；好处” ，随着自动门使用的增加，它们的益处也在科技发达的世界中扩展。“relations” 意为 “关系；联系”；“volumes” 意为 “体积；容量；音量”；“sources” 意为 “来源；根源” ，都不符合 “益处扩展” 的语义。
中文解析：但随着其使用的增加，它们的益处在科技发达的世界中得到扩展，“benefits”（益处）合适，“relations”（关系）、“volumes”（体积等）、“sources”（来源）不合适。
第 7 题
英文解析：“Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency”，“useful” 表示 “有用的；实用的” ，自动门在繁忙场所或紧急情况下特别有用。“simple” 意为 “简单的”；“flexible” 意为 “灵活的”；“stable” 意为 “稳定的” ，都不能准确表达 “有用” 这一语义。
中文解析：在繁忙场所或紧急情况下特别有用，“useful”（有用的）正确，“simple”（简单的）、“flexible”（灵活的）、“stable”（稳定的）错误。
第 8 题
英文解析：“the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’ way”，“act as” 表示 “充当；起…… 作用” ，自动门通过减少人们通行的障碍，起到人群管理的作用。“call for” 意为 “要求；需要”；“yield to” 意为 “屈服于；让步于”；“insist on” 意为 “坚持；坚决要求” ，都不符合 “起到…… 作用” 的语义。
中文解析：这些门通过减少人们通行的障碍起到人群管理的作用，“act as”（充当、起作用）合适，“call for”（要求）、“yield to”（屈服）、“insist on”（坚持）不合适。
第 9 题
英文解析：“9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people”，“As well as” 表示 “除…… 之外（还）；和…… 一样” ，这里表示自动门除了让人们进出建筑物更方便之外，还有其他作用。“In terms of” 意为 “就…… 而言；在…… 方面”；“Thanks to” 意为 “由于；幸亏”；“Rather than” 意为 “而不是” ，都不符合此处语义。
中文解析：除了让人们进出建筑物更方便之外，“As well as”（除…… 之外还）符合，“In terms of”（就…… 而言）、“Thanks to”（由于）、“Rather than”（而不是）不符合。
第 10 题
英文解析：“the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them”，“occupied” 表示 “占用；占据” ，自动门开启方式的不同有助于减少它们所占用的总面积。“connected” 意为 “连接；关联”；“shared” 意为 “分享；共享”；“represented” 意为 “代表；象征” ，都不符合 “占用面积” 的语义。
中文解析：许多这种门开启方式的不同有助于减少它们所占用的总面积，“occupied”（占用）正确，“connected”（连接）、“shared”（分享）、“represented”（代表）错误。
第 11 题
英文解析：“Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside”，“allow” 表示 “允许；使能够” ，自动门取代平开门，使较小的建筑物能够最大化内部可用空间。“expect” 意为 “期望；预计”；“require” 意为 “要求；需要”；“direct” 意为 “指导；指挥；指向” ，都不符合 “使…… 能够” 的语义。
中文解析：取代平开门，这些（自动门）使较小的建筑物能够最大化内部可用空间，“allow”（使能够）合适，“expect”（期望）、“require”（要求）、“direct”（指导）不合适。
第 12 题
英文解析：“without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking - out door”，“clear” 有 “清理；清除” 的意思，这里指不需要为向外突出的大门清理通道。“adopt” 意为 “采用；收养”；“lead” 意为 “引导；带领”；“change” 意为 “改变；变化” ，都不符合 “清理通道” 的语义。
中文解析：无需为向外突出的大门清理通道，“clear”（清理）正确，“adopt”（采用）、“lead”（引导）、“change”（改变）错误。
第 13 题
英文解析：“with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open”，“relying on” 表示 “依靠；依赖” ，不同类型的自动门依靠特定的信号来告知何时开启。“adapting to” 意为 “适应”；“deriving from” 意为 “源自；来源于”；“pointing at” 意为 “指向” ，都不符合 “依靠信号” 的语义。
中文解析：每种（自动门）都依靠特定的信号来告知何时开启，“relying on”（依靠）合适，“adapting to”（适应）、“deriving from”（源自）、“pointing at”（指向）不合适。
第 14 题
英文解析：“14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same”，“Although” 表示 “虽然；尽管” ，引导让步状语从句，即虽然这些方法不同，但主要的原理是相同的。“Once” 意为 “一旦”；“Since” 意为 “因为；既然；自从”；“Unless” 意为 “除非” ，都不符合此处让步的语义。
中文解析：虽然这些方法不同，但主要的（内容）保持相同，“Although”（虽然）符合，“Once”（一旦）、“Since”（因为等）、“Unless”（除非）不符合。
第 15 题
英文解析：“the main 15 remain the same”，“principles” 表示 “原理；原则” ，这里指自动门开启的主要原理是相同的。“records” 意为 “记录；记载”；“positions” 意为 “位置；职位”；“reasons” 意为 “原因；理由” ，都不符合 “原理相同” 的语义。
中文解析：主要的原理保持相同，“principles”（原理）正确，“records”（记录）、“positions”（位置）、“reasons”（原因）错误。
第 16 题
英文解析：“Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open”，“analyses” 表示 “分析” ，每个自动门系统分析其附近的光、声、重量或运动作为开启的信号。“controls” 意为 “控制”；“produces” 意为 “生产；产生”；“mixes” 意为 “混合；搅拌” ，都不符合 “分析信号” 的语义。
中文解析：每个自动门系统分析其附近的光、声、重量或运动作为开启的信号，“analyses”（分析）合适，“controls”（控制）、“produces”（产生）、“mixes”（混合）不合适。
第 17 题
英文解析：“Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in”，“complement” 表示 “补充；补足；使完美” ，选择传感器类型是为了适应它们所需的不同环境，也就是使环境功能更完善。“decorate” 意为 “装饰；装修”；“compare” 意为 “比较；对比”；“protect” 意为 “保护；防护” ，都不符合 “适应环境” 的语义。
中文解析：选择传感器类型是为了适应它们所需的不同环境，“complement”（使适应、补充）正确，“decorate”（装饰）、“compare”（比较）、“protect”（保护）错误。
第 18 题
英文解析：“18, a busy street might not 19 a motion - sensored door”，“For example” 表示 “例如” ，这里是通过举例说明不同环境对传感器的选择。“In conclusion” 意为 “总之；最后”；“By contrast” 意为 “相比之下；与之相比”；“Above all” 意为 “首先；最重要的是” ，都不符合此处举例的语境。
中文解析：例如，繁忙的街道可能不（适合某种情况），“For example”（例如）符合，“In conclusion”（总之）、“By contrast”（相比之下）、“Above all”（首先）不符合。
第 19 题
英文解析：“a busy street might not 19 a motion - sensored door”，“suit” 表示 “适合；适宜” ，繁忙的街道可能不适合使用运动感应门。“identify” 意为 “识别；认出”；“secure” 意为 “保护；使安全；获得”；“include” 意为 “包括；包含” ，都不符合 “适合” 的语义。
中文解析：繁忙的街道可能不适合运动感应门，“suit”（适合）正确，“identify”（识别）、“secure”（保护等）、“include”（包括）错误。
第 20 题
英文解析：“A pressure - sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area”，“appropriate” 表示 “合适的；恰当的” ，压力感应垫在限制检测区域方面更合适。“obvious” 意为 “明显的；显然的”；“impressive” 意为 “令人印象深刻的；引人注目的”；“delicate” 意为 “精致的；微妙的” ，都不符合 “合适” 的语义。
中文解析：压力感应垫在限制检测区域方面更合适，“appropriate”（合适的）正确，“obvious”（明显的）、“impressive”（令人印象深刻的）、“delicate”（精致的）错误。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four - metre - deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.
Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.
Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th - century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple - seeming technology was.
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid - 1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.
I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.
The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost—and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often - overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.
1.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of
[A] saving them for future use.
[B] keeping them from rusting.
[C] letting them grow in value.
[D] hiding them from the locals.2.The example of early 17th - century Virginians is used to
[A] highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.
[B] illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.
[C] contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.
[D] show the preciousness of nail - making technology at that time.3.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?
[A] Increased productivity.
[B] Wider use of new energies.
[C] Fiercer market competition.
[D] Reduced cost of raw materials.4.It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails
[A] have undergone many technological improvements.
[B] have remained basically the same since Roman times.
[C] are less studied than other everyday products.
[D] are one of the world’s most significant inventions.5.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?
[A] Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.
[B] Technological innovation is integral to economic success.
[C] Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.
[D] Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.
1.罗马人埋藏钉子可能是为了
[A] 留着日后使用。
[B] 防止它们生锈。
[C] 使其增值。
[D] 不让当地人发现。2.17 世纪早期弗吉尼亚人的例子被用来
[A] 突显早期美国殖民者的节俭。
[B] 说明那个时期铁匠的高地位。
[C] 对比不同文明对钉子的态度。
[D] 展示当时制钉技术的珍贵。3.18 世纪后期之后， 是什么在降低钉子价格方面起了主要作用？
[A] 生产力的提高。
[B] 新能源的更广泛使用。
[C] 更激烈的市场竞争。
[D] 原材料成本的降低。4.从第五段可以得知，钉子
[A] 经历了许多技术改进。
[B] 自罗马时代以来基本保持不变。
[C] 比其他日常用品研究得少。
[D] 是世界上最重要的发明之一。
翻译
第二部分 阅读理解
A 部分
说明：
阅读以下四篇短文。从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中为每篇短文后的问题选择正确答案，并在答题卡 1 上作答。（40 分）
第一篇文章
大约 2000 年前，当罗马人开始撤离苏格兰时，他们留下了一件奇特的宝藏：10 吨钉子，近 100 万枚。这批钉子于 1960 年在一个 4 米深、上面覆盖着 2 米砾石的坑里被发现。
罗马人为什么要掩埋 100 万枚钉子呢？一个合理的解释是，他们撤离得很匆忙，不想让当地的喀里多尼亚人得到这 10 吨武器级别的铁。罗马人把钉子埋得很深，以至于近两千年来都未被发现。
后世文明对熟练铁匠在制造钉子过程中付出的劳动的珍视，甚至超过了对原材料的重视。正如罗玛・阿格拉瓦尔在她那本有趣的新书《螺母与螺栓》中所阐述的，17 世纪早期的弗吉尼亚人如果打算搬迁，有时会烧毁自己的房子。这是为了回收那些宝贵的钉子，在筛滤灰烬后，这些钉子可以重新使用。有人为了回收钉子而烧毁整栋房子，这一想法突显了这项看似简单的技术曾经是多么稀缺、昂贵和珍贵。
经济学家丹尼尔・西切尔在一篇研究论文中指出，在 18 世纪末到 20 世纪中期之间，钉子的价格下降了 90%。据西切尔称，尽管钉子价格的下降部分归因于更便宜的铁和能源，但主要功劳在于钉子制造商，他们找到了更高效的方法将钢材制成钉子。
多年来，钉子本身也有了一些变化，但西切尔研究它们，正是因为它们变化不大。罗马的灯具和战车与 LED 灯带和跑车大不相同，但罗马的钉子显然还是钉子。试图追踪自 1695 年以来跑车价格的变化是荒谬的，但探究钉子价格的变化却完全合理。
我对这些物品的一个特定特征 —— 价格 —— 着迷，对此我并不觉得有什么不妥。毕竟，我是一名经济学家。在写了两本关于发明史的书之后，我学到的一件事是，虽然那些令人着迷的尖端技术备受炒作，但改变世界的却是那些廉价的技术。
古登堡印刷机之所以改变了文明，不是因为它改变了书写的本质，而是因为它改变了书写的成本 —— 而且，如果不是因为一种常被忽视的技术 —— 纸张 —— 使得书写载体的价格大幅下降，它也不会有多大成就。太阳能电池板在价格变得低廉之前，用途有限；而现在，它们正在改变全球能源体系。
1.
解析
答案：D
解析：根据文章第二段第二句 “The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron.” 可知，罗马人掩埋钉子可能是不想让当地的喀里多尼亚人得到这些武器级别的铁，也就是把钉子藏起来不让当地人得到 ，D 选项 “hiding them from the locals”（把它们藏起来不让当地人得到）符合文意。A 选项 “saving them for future use”（留着以后使用）、B 选项 “keeping them from rusting”（防止它们生锈）、C 选项 “letting them grow in value”（让它们增值）在文中均未提及。2.
答案：D
解析：文章第三段提到 17 世纪早期弗吉尼亚人搬迁时会烧毁房子来回收钉子，随后指出 “The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple - seeming technology was.”，即通过这个例子强调了当时制钉技术的珍贵，D 选项 “show the preciousness of nail - making technology at that time”（展示当时制钉技术的珍贵）正确。A 选项 “highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists”（突出早期美国殖民者的节俭），文章重点并非强调节俭；B 选项 “illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period”（说明那个时期铁匠的高地位），例子未体现铁匠地位；C 选项 “contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails”（对比不同文明对钉子的态度），该例子主要是体现制钉技术珍贵，而非对比不同文明态度 。3.
答案：A
解析：由文章第四段最后一句 “According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.” 可知，钉子价格下降虽然部分归因于更便宜的铁和能源，但主要原因是钉子制造商找到了更高效的生产方式，也就是提高了生产力，A 选项 “Increased productivity”（提高生产力）符合。B 选项 “Wider use of new energies”（新能源的更广泛使用）、C 选项 “Fiercer market competition”（更激烈的市场竞争）文中未提及；D 选项 “Reduced cost of raw materials”（原材料成本降低）不是主要原因。4.
答案：B
解析：第五段提到 “Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails.”，将罗马时期的灯具、战车与现代的 LED 灯带、跑车对比，指出罗马钉子和现在的钉子基本一样，说明自罗马时代以来钉子基本保持不变，B 选项 “have remained basically the same since Roman times”（自罗马时代以来基本保持不变）正确。A 选项 “have undergone many technological improvements”（经历了许多技术改进）与原文不符；C 选项 “are less studied than other everyday products”（比其他日常用品研究得少）文中未提及；D 选项 “are one of the world’s most significant inventions”（是世界上最重要的发明之一），文中没有相关表述。5.
答案：A
解析：最后两段作者先表明自己关注钉子价格是因为自己是经济学家，接着指出虽然尖端技术备受关注，但改变世界的是廉价技术，还以古登堡印刷机和太阳能电池板为例进行说明，强调廉价技术带来了革命性的变化，A 选项 “Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change”（廉价技术带来革命性变化）能很好地概括。B 选项 “Technological innovation is integral to economic success”（技术创新对经济成功至关重要），未突出 “廉价技术”；C 选项 “Technology defines people’s understanding of the world”（技术定义了人们对世界的理解），与段落主旨不符；D 选项 “Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions”（尖端技术从小发明发展而来），段落未提及此内容。
重难点词汇
1.pull out of：撤离；退出 ，文中 “as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland” 表示罗马人开始撤离苏格兰。
2.hoard /hɔːd/ ：n. 贮藏；窖藏；大量储存 ，“The nail hoard” 即这批钉子。
3.withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/ ：n. 撤退；撤离；收回 ，“the withdrawal was rushed” 指撤离很匆忙。
4.get one's hands on ：得到；获得 ，“they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron” 意思是不想让当地人得到这些铁。
5.millennia /mɪˈleniə/ ：millennium 的复数形式，意为一千年；千年期 ，“for almost two millennia” 表示近两千年。
6.reclaim /rɪˈkleɪm/ ：v. 回收；再生利用；开垦 ，“reclaim the nails” 即回收钉子 。
7.underline /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ ：v. 强调；突出；在…… 下面画线 ，“underlines how scarce, costly and valuable...” 突出了…… 多么稀缺、昂贵和珍贵。
8.sift /sɪft/ ：v. 筛；筛分；过滤；细查 ，“sifting the ashes” 指筛滤灰烬 。
9.credit /ˈkredɪt/ ：n. 赞扬；功劳；信贷 ，“most of the credit goes to...” 大部分功劳归于……
10.obsessed /əbˈsesd/ ：adj. 着迷的；迷恋的；心神不宁的 ，“be obsessed by” 对…… 着迷 。
11.enchantingly /ɪnˈtʃɑːntɪŋli/ ：adv. 迷人地；令人陶醉地 ，“enchantingly sophisticated 12.technologies” 令人着迷的尖端技术 。
13.sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ ：adj. 复杂的；精密的；尖端的 ，如 “sophisticated technologies” 尖端技术 。
14.hype /haɪp/ ：n. 炒作；大肆宣传；夸张的广告 ，“get all the hype” 备受炒作 。
15.parallel /ˈpærəlel/ ：adj. 平行的；类似的；同时发生的 ，“a parallel collapse” 类似的下降 。
重难点语法
1.The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron.
语法点：本句中 “that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron” 是表语从句，作 “is” 的表语 。在 “they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon - grade iron” 中，“want sb. doing sth.” 是一种常见结构，表示想要某人做某事 。
2.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th - century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.
语法点：“As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts” 是 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 指代后面整个句子的内容，在从句中作宾语 。同时，“if they were planning to relocate” 是条件状语从句，这里使用了过去进行时表示过去将来的动作 。
3.According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
语法点：本句中 “although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy” 是 although 引导的让步状语从句 。“who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “nail manufacturers” ，关系代词 who 在从句中作主语 。
Text 2
Parenting tips obtained from hunter - gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby - wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed - age playgrounds in hunter - gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote.
By contrast, in hunter - gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old, and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock - on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter - gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
While hunter - gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed - age playgrounds, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”
1.According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to the practice of
[A] sharing childcare among community members.
[B] assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.
[C] teaching parenting skills to older children.
[D] carrying infants around by their parents.2.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate
[A] an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.
[B] an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.
[C] the conventional parenting style in western culture.
[D] the differences between western and African ways of living.3.According to Paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative”
[A] alleviates parenting pressure.
[B] consolidates family relationships.
[C] results in the child-centered family.
[D] departs from the course of evolution.4.According to Paragraph 6, what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK?
[A] They tend to fall short of official requirements.
[B] They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.
[C] They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.
[D] They should try to prevent parental depression.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious Parents
[B] For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers
[C] Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children
[D] Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe
1.根据前两段，异亲抚育（alloparenting）指的是
[A] 社区成员共同分担育儿责任。
[B] 为婴儿指定特定的成年照料者。
[C] 向年长儿童传授育儿技能。
[D] 由父母带着婴儿四处走动。2.文中提到德国的项目是为了说明
[A] 促进代际交流的一种尝试。
[B] 将异亲抚育融入西方社会的一种方式。
[C] 西方文化中传统的育儿方式。
[D] 西方与非洲生活方式的差异。3.根据第四段，“高强度母育叙事”（intensive mothering narrative）
[A] 缓解育儿压力。
[B] 巩固家庭关系。
[C] 导致以孩子为中心的家庭模式。
[D] 背离了进化的进程。4.根据第六段，关于英国的托儿所我们能了解到什么？
[A] 它们往往达不到官方要求。
[B] 它们很难找到足够的照料者。
[C] 它们应该提高照料者与儿童的比例。
[D] 它们应该设法预防家长抑郁。5.以下哪项是本文的最佳标题？
[A] 指导性教育：焦虑家长的两难困境
[B] 想要更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习
[C] 混龄游戏小组，孤独儿童的更佳选择
[D] 追溯育儿史：从非洲到欧洲
翻译
第二篇文章
研究人员指出，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿经验，可能是培养出更满足的孩子的关键。这一观点基于对博茨瓦纳昆族等社群的研究，在这些社群中，每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾。年仅四岁的昆族孩子就会帮忙照顾更小的孩子，而且 “背婴儿”（用背带背着婴儿）被视为常规做法。
剑桥大学的进化人类学家尼基尔・乔杜里博士表示，这些被称为 “异亲抚养” 的做法，能减少孩子和父母的焦虑。
儿童精神病学家安妮・斯瓦内普尔博士认为，有办法将这些做法融入西方生活。在德国，有一个项目将养老院和托儿所配对。养老院的居民帮忙照顾孩子，这种安排类似于异亲抚养。另一个措施可以是鼓励不同年级的孩子建立友谊，以效仿狩猎采集社群中无人监管的混龄游乐场。
研究人员在《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》上发表的一篇论文中指出，西方的核心家庭是一项较新的发明，它与进化史相悖。这种突然转向 “高强度母育模式”（即认为母亲应该独自承担育儿责任）的做法可能有害。他们写道：“这种观念会导致母亲精疲力竭，并产生危险后果。”
相比之下，在狩猎采集社会中，除父母之外的成年人几乎可以承担对孩子一半的照顾。此前有一项针对刚果民主共和国埃菲人的研究。研究发现，婴儿在 18 周大时，平均每天有 14 个异亲照顾者，每小时会在照顾者之间传递八次。
乔杜里表示，与人类进化史上的大部分时期相比，现在的父母从家庭和社交网络中得到的育儿支持更少，但引入更多照顾者可以减轻压力和母亲的抑郁情绪，这对孩子的幸福会产生 “连锁” 益处。在狩猎采集社会出生的婴儿可能有十多个照顾者，这与英国托儿所的情况形成鲜明对比，英国的规定要求照顾者与两到三岁儿童的比例为 1:4 。
研究人员称，狩猎采集社会的孩子在混龄游乐场通过观察和模仿学习，而西方 “指导性教学”（要求学生静坐）可能会引发注意缺陷多动障碍等问题。乔杜里说，英国应该探索让年长的兄弟姐妹帮助父母这种做法，“这也可能促进他们自身的社会发展”。
解析
1.答案：A
解析：根据前两段，尤其是第一段中博茨瓦纳昆族社群里多个成年人照顾孩子，以及第二段提到的 “alloparenting” 能减少孩子和父母的焦虑，可知 “alloparenting” 指社区成员共同分担育儿责任，A 选项 “sharing childcare among community members”（社区成员共同分担育儿责任）正确。B 选项 “assigning babies to specific adult caregivers”（为婴儿指定特定的成人照顾者）、C 选项 “teaching parenting skills to older children”（向年长儿童传授育儿技能）、D 选项 “carrying infants around by their parents”（父母带着婴儿四处走动）均不符合文意。2.答案：B
解析：第三段提到德国将养老院和托儿所配对，居民帮忙照顾孩子，此安排类似于 “alloparenting” ，且前文提到有办法将 “alloparenting” 融入西方生活，所以该例子是为了说明将 “alloparenting” 融入西方社会的一种方式，B 选项 “an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society”（将异亲抚养融入西方社会的一种方式）正确。A 选项 “an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication”（促进代际交流的尝试）并非主要目的；C 选项 “the conventional parenting style in western culture”（西方文化中的传统育儿方式），德国的这个项目不是传统育儿方式；D 选项 “the differences between western and African ways of living”（西方和非洲生活方式的差异），例子重点不是体现生活方式差异。3.答案：D
解析：第四段指出西方核心家庭是较新发明，打破了进化史，“intensive mothering narrative” 是突然转向且有害的，说明这种模式偏离了进化的轨道，D 选项 “departs from the course of evolution”（偏离进化的轨道）正确。A 选项 “alleviates parenting pressure”（减轻育儿压力）与原文中该模式会导致母亲精疲力竭相悖；B 选项 “consolidates family relationships”（巩固家庭关系）文中未提及；C 选项 “results in the child - centered family”（导致以孩子为中心的家庭），文中未表明该模式有此结果。4.答案：C
解析：第六段将狩猎采集社会婴儿有众多照顾者与英国托儿所照顾者与儿童比例（1:4 ）对比，暗示英国托儿所应改善照顾者与儿童的比例，C 选项 “They ought to improve their carer - to - child ratio”（它们应该改善照顾者与儿童的比例）正确。A 选项 “They tend to fall short of official requirements”（它们往往达不到官方要求）文中未提及；B 选项 “They have difficulty finding enough caregivers”（它们很难找到足够的照顾者），未提及找照顾者困难；D 选项 “They should try to prevent parental depression”（它们应该努力防止父母抑郁），英国托儿所规定主要涉及照顾者与儿童比例，与防止父母抑郁无关。5.答案：B
解析：文章围绕从非洲狩猎采集者育儿方式（异亲抚养）对西方育儿的启示展开，指出西方可借鉴这些方式培养更幸福的孩子，B 选项 “For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter - gatherers”（为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习）能概括文章主旨。A 选项 “Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious Parents”（指导性教学：焦虑父母的困境）只涉及文章部分内容；C 选项 “Mixed - age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children”（混龄游戏小组，孤独孩子的更好选择）也不全面；D 选项 “Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe”（追溯育儿史：从非洲到欧洲），文章重点不是追溯育儿史。
重难点词汇
Text 2
parenting /ˈpeərəntɪŋ/ ：n. 育儿；养育 ，“parenting tips” 育儿经验
contented /kənˈtentɪd/ ：adj. 满意的；满足的 ，“more contented children” 更满足的孩子
alloparenting /ˌæləʊˈpeərəntɪŋ/ ：n. 异亲抚养 ，文中核心概念
incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/ ：v. 包含；使并入；使融入 ，“incorporate them into western life” 将它们融入西方生活
akin /əˈkɪn/ ：adj. 相似的；类似的 ，“akin to” 类似于
nuclear family ：核心家庭（指由父母和子女组成的小家庭）
abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/ ：adj. 突然的；意外的 ，“abrupt shift” 突然转变
maternal /məˈtɜːnl/ ：adj. 母亲的；母性的 ，“maternal exhaustion” 母亲精疲力竭
knock - on ：adj. 连锁的；连带的 ，“knock - on benefit” 连锁益处
starkly /ˈstɑːkli/ ：adv. 明显地；鲜明地 ，“contrasts starkly” 形成鲜明对比
重难点语法
Text 2
Parenting tips obtained from hunter - gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested.
语法点：“obtained from hunter - gatherers in Africa” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “Parenting tips” ，表示 “从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿经验” 。“the key to” 中 to 是介词，后接动名词形式 “bringing up” 。
The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults.
语法点：“where each child is cared for by many adults” 是 where 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 “communities” ，where 在从句中作地点状语 。
Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed - age playgrounds in hunter - gatherer communities.
语法点：“encouraging friendships between children in different school years” 是动名词短语作表语 。“to mirror the unsupervised mixed - age playgrounds in hunter - gatherer communities” 是动词不定式作目的状语 。
Text 3
A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes, Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text - to - image AI generation.
His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open - source AI art generator Stable Diffusion. The tool, along with other popular image - generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
But these open - source programs are built by scraping images from the internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
“It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text - to - image generators—and some are now fighting back. Karla Ortiz, an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion’s data set, has been raising awareness about the issues around AI art and copyright.
Artists say they risk losing income as people start using AI - generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes. But it’s also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems.
“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.
1.What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
[A] He is enthusiastic about using AI models.
[B] He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.
[C] He attracts admiration from other illustrators.
[D] He specializes in classical painting digitalization.2.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they
[A] lack flexibility in responding to prompts.
[B] produce artworks in unpredictable styles.
[C] make unauthorized use of online images.
[D] collect user information without consent.3.After searching online, Rutkowski found
[A] a unique way to reach audiences.
[B] a new method to identify AI images.
[C] AI-generated work bearing his name.
[D] heated disputes regarding his copyright.4.According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to
[A] campaign for new policies or regulation.
[B] offer their services to public institutions.
[C] strengthen their relationships with AI users.
[D] adopt a different strategy for AI model training.5.What is the text mainly about?
[A] Artists’ responses to AI art generation.
[B] AI’s expanded role in artistic creation.
[C] Privacy issues in the application of AI.
[D] Opposing views on AI development.
1.根据前两段内容，关于鲁特科夫斯基（Rutkowski）我们可以了解到什么？
[A] 他热衷于使用人工智能模型。
[B] 他受到一款人工智能艺术生成器用户的欢迎。
[C] 他受到其他插画师的赞赏。
[D] 他专门从事古典绘画数字化工作。2.开源人工智能艺术生成器存在的问题在于它们
[A] 在回应指令时缺乏灵活性。
[B] 创作出风格难以预测的艺术作品。
[C] 未经授权使用网络图片。
[D] 在未经同意的情况下收集用户信息。3.在网上搜索后，鲁特科夫斯基发现
[A] 一种接触受众的独特方式。
[B] 一种识别人工智能图像的新方法。
[C] 署有他名字的人工智能生成作品。
[D] 关于他版权的激烈争议。4.根据奥尔蒂斯（Ortiz）的观点，人工智能公司被建议
[A] 推动新政策或法规的出台。
[B] 向公共机构提供服务。
[C] 加强与人工智能用户的关系。
[D] 采用不同的人工智能模型训练策略。5.这篇文章主要是关于什么的？
[A] 艺术家对人工智能艺术生成的反应。
[B] 人工智能在艺术创作中不断扩大的作用。
[C] 人工智能应用中的隐私问题。
[D] 关于人工智能发展的对立观点。
翻译
格雷格・鲁特科夫斯基是一位波兰数字艺术家，他运用古典绘画风格创作梦幻般的幻想风景，曾为《龙与地下城》和《万智牌》等游戏绘制插图。他在文本生成图像的人工智能领域突然走红。
他独特的风格如今是新的开源人工智能艺术生成器 Stable Diffusion 中最常用的提示词之一。这个工具，以及其他流行的图像生成人工智能模型，能让任何人根据文本提示创作出令人印象深刻的图像。例如，输入 “手持宝剑、带着魔法火焰发光球体的巫师与凶猛巨龙战斗 格雷格・鲁特科夫斯基” ，系统生成的作品看起来与鲁特科夫斯基风格的作品极为相似。
但这些开源程序是通过从互联网上抓取图像构建的，而且往往未经艺术家许可，也没有给予恰当署名。因此，它们引发了有关伦理和版权的棘手问题。像鲁特科夫斯基这样的艺术家已经受够了。
据追踪 Stable Diffusion 生成的 1000 多万张图像和提示词的网站 Lexica 统计，鲁特科夫斯基的名字作为提示词被使用了约 93000 次。鲁特科夫斯基起初感到惊讶，但认为这可能是接触新受众的好方法。然后他试着搜索自己的名字，想看看自己参与创作的作品是否被发布了。在线搜索结果显示，带有他名字的作品却并非出自他手。
鲁特科夫斯基说：“才过了一个月。一年后会怎样？我可能都找不到自己的作品了，因为互联网将充斥着人工智能生成的艺术作品。这令人担忧。”
除鲁特科夫斯基之外，其他艺术家也对自己的作品在文本生成图像工具中广受欢迎感到惊讶，而且一些人正在反击。旧金山的插画师卡拉・奥尔蒂斯发现自己的作品出现在 Stable Diffusion 的数据集中，她一直在提高人们对人工智能艺术和版权问题的认识。
艺术家们表示，随着人们开始将基于受版权保护材料生成的人工智能图像用于商业目的，他们面临收入损失的风险。但奥尔蒂斯说，这也涉及更多个人层面的问题，因为艺术与个人紧密相连，这可能会引发数据保护和隐私问题。
奥尔蒂斯说：“艺术家行业内正在形成一个联盟，试图找出解决或缓解这些问题的办法。” 这个组织正处于动员初期，可能会推动制定新政策或法规。有人建议人工智能模型可以使用公共领域的图像进行训练，人工智能公司可以与博物馆和艺术家建立合作关系。
解析
1.答案：B
解析：前两段提到鲁特科夫斯基的风格在开源人工智能艺术生成器 Stable Diffusion 中是常用提示词，输入相关提示词系统能生成类似他风格的作品，说明他在人工智能艺术生成器用户中很受欢迎，B 选项 “He is popular with the users of an AI art generator”（他在人工智能艺术生成器的用户中很受欢迎）正确。A 选项 “He is enthusiastic about using AI models”（他热衷于使用人工智能模型），文中他对人工智能模型抓取图像用于生成作品表示担忧，并非热衷；C 选项 “He attracts admiration from other illustrators”（他受到其他插画师的钦佩），文中未提及其他插画师对他的钦佩；D 选项 “He specializes in classical painting digitalization”（他专门从事古典绘画数字化），他是用古典绘画风格创作数字艺术，并非专门从事古典绘画数字化。2.答案：C
解析：第三段明确指出这些开源程序通过从互联网上抓取图像构建，且往往未经艺术家许可，也未恰当署名，C 选项 “make unauthorized use of online images”（未经授权使用网络图像）正确。A 选项 “lack flexibility in responding to prompts”（对提示词的响应缺乏灵活性）、B 选项 “produce artworks in unpredictable styles”（生成风格不可预测的艺术作品）、D 选项 “collect user information without consent”（未经同意收集用户信息）在文中均未提及。3.答案：C
解析：第四段提到鲁特科夫斯基搜索自己名字时，发现带有他名字的作品却不是他的，即人工智能生成的作品署着他的名，C 选项 “AI - generated work bearing his name”（署有他名字的人工智能生成作品）正确。A 选项 “a unique way to reach audiences”（接触受众的独特方式）是他最初对自己名字被用作提示词的想法，不是搜索后的发现；B 选项 “a new method to identify AI images”（识别人工智能图像的新方法）文中未提及；D 选项 “heated disputes regarding his copyright”（关于他版权的激烈争议），搜索后他只是发现非自己创作却署自己名的作品，未提及激烈争议。4.答案：D
解析：根据最后一段奥尔蒂斯所说，有人建议人工智能模型可以使用公共领域的图像进行训练，即建议人工智能公司采用不同的人工智能模型训练策略，D 选项 “adopt a different strategy for AI model training”（采用不同的人工智能模型训练策略）正确。A 选项 “campaign for new policies or regulation”（推动新政策或法规），是联盟可能做的事，不是对人工智能公司的建议；B 选项 “offer their services to public institutions”（向公共机构提供服务）、C 选项 “strengthen their relationships with AI users”（加强与人工智能用户的关系）文中未提及。5.答案：A
解析：文章主要讲述了像鲁特科夫斯基、奥尔蒂斯等艺术家对人工智能艺术生成及其带来的版权等问题的反应，A 选项 “Artists’ responses to AI art generation”（艺术家对人工智能艺术生成的反应）能概括文章主旨。B 选项 “AI’s expanded role in artistic creation”（人工智能在艺术创作中扩展的作用），文章重点不是人工智能在艺术创作中作用的扩展；C 选项 “Privacy issues in the application of AI”（人工智能应用中的隐私问题），只是文章提及的部分内容；D 选项 “Opposing views on AI development”（对人工智能发展的对立观点），文章主要是艺术家对人工智能艺术生成相关问题的看法，并非关于人工智能发展的对立观点。
重难点词汇
prompt /prɒmpt/ ：n. 提示词；提示符 ，“text prompts” 文本提示词
scrape /skreɪp/ ：v. 刮；擦；刮掉；抓取（数据等） ，“scraping images from the internet” 从互联网上抓取图像
attribution /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/ ：n. 归因；归属；署名 ，“proper attribution to artists” 对艺术家恰当署名
concerning /kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/ ：adj. 令人担忧的 ，“That’s concerning.” 这令人担忧。
mitigate /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ ：v. 减轻；缓和；缓解 ，“tackle or mitigate this” 解决或缓解这个（问题）
forge /fɔːdʒ/ ：v. 锻造；伪造；建立（关系等） ，“forge partnerships” 建立合作关系
重难点语法
A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes, Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering.
语法点：“who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes” 是 who 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 “A Polish digital artist” ，who 在从句中作主语 。
His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open - source AI art generator Stable Diffusion.
语法点：“one of + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词” 是常见结构，表示 “最…… 之一” 。“used prompts” 是过去分词作后置定语，修饰 prompts 。
But these open - source programs are built by scraping images from the internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists.
语法点：“by scraping images from the internet” 是 by 引导的方式状语，说明开源程序构建的方式 。“without permission and proper attribution to artists” 是介词短语作伴随状语 。
Text 4
The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.
All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5 - 4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,” as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.
In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that’s a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake Bay draws from a 64,000 - square - mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely.
It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it’s a reminder that the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep - pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.
And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.
1.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as
[A] a valuable natural environment.
[B] a controversial conservation area.
[C] a place with commercial potential.
[D] a headache for nearby communities.2.The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case
[A] reinforces water pollution control.
[B] weakens the EPA's regulatory power.
[C] will end conflicts among local residents.
[D] may face opposition from mining operators.3.How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?
[A] Worried.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Relieved.
[D] Encouraged.4.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?
[A] It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.
[B] It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.
[C] It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.
[D] It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.5.The author holds that the state lawmakers should
[A] be cautious about the influence of landowners.
[B] attach due importance to wetlands protections.
[C] recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges.
[D] improve the wellbeing of endangered species.
1.第一段中切萨皮克湾被描述为
[A] 宝贵的自然环境。
[B] 有争议的保护区。
[C] 具有商业潜力的地方。
[D] 令附近社区头疼的问题。2.美国最高法院在爱达荷州案件中的裁决
[A] 加强了水污染控制。
[B] 削弱了美国环保署（EPA）的监管权力。
[C] 将结束当地居民之间的冲突。
[D] 可能会遭到矿业运营商的反对。3.作者对切萨皮克湾的未来持何种态度？
[A] 担忧的。
[B] 困惑的。
[C] 宽慰的。
[D] 受鼓舞的。4.关于美国环保署参与切萨皮克湾项目，可以推断出什么？
[A] 它恢复了相邻辖区之间的平衡。
[B] 它引发了商业渔业的根本性改革。
[C] 它树立了尊重州政府权力的良好榜样。
[D] 它确保了保护工作的协调。5.作者认为州立法者应该
[A] 警惕土地所有者的影响。
[B] 充分重视湿地保护。
[C] 认识到扩大野生动物保护区的必要性。
[D] 改善濒危物种的生存状况。
翻译
切萨皮克湾的神奇之处不在于它的深度，而在于其复杂的自然构造、淡水与咸水的相互作用以及水陆交融。浅滩为数百种物种提供了栖息地，同时储存洪水、过滤水中污染物，并保护附近社区免受可能具有破坏性的风暴潮侵袭。
上个月晚些时候，这一切都面临巨大风险，当时美国最高法院对爱达荷州的一个案件做出裁决，大幅削弱了美国环境保护署（EPA）对湿地和水道的监管权力。具体来说，以 5 票对 4 票的多数决定，由环境保护署依据《清洁水法》监管的湿地必须与水体有 “连续的表面连接” 。这种监管范围的缩小对于建筑商、矿业运营商以及其他常与环境规则相悖的商业利益相关者来说是一场胜利。正如大法官布雷特・卡瓦诺所指出的，这对美国各地的水质和防洪 “产生重大影响” 。
在马里兰州，好消息是有许多州法律对湿地提供保护。但这是一种非常短视的观点，尤其是涉及切萨皮克湾时。现实情况是，水以及常随水而来的污染物并不受州界限制。切萨皮克湾的集水区面积达 6.4 万平方英里，延伸至弗吉尼亚州、宾夕法尼亚州、纽约州、西弗吉尼亚州、哥伦比亚特区和特拉华州。这些辖区会给予现在在 “萨克特诉环境保护署案” 中被否定的相同保护措施吗？也许有些会，但全部都会吗？这似乎不太可能。
将这样的法院裁决仅仅视为维护土地所有者的权利，既容易误导人，又目光短浅，因为其后果对邻居可能极为严重。这也提醒我们，长期以来，环境保护署参与切萨皮克湾项目至关重要，它是超越邻州财大气粗的特殊利益集团影响的手段。举个典型例子，宾夕法尼亚州的农民在决定是否在田地里施用动物粪便时，不会考虑马里兰州明年的蓝蟹捕捞情况，但流入附近小溪的径流可能会对下游产生巨大影响。
因此，我们呼吁从里士满到奥尔巴尼的各州立法者考虑审查各自的湿地保护措施，并亲自认识到其中涉及的重大利害关系。我们可以邀请他们参观多切斯特县的黑水国家野生动物保护区，在那里，秃鹰在潮汐沼泽上空飞翔，沼泽浅得无法划船穿过，但却充满了水生生物。这趟风景优美的旅程是值得的。
解析
1.答案：A
解析：第一段描述切萨皮克湾浅滩为众多物种提供栖息地、储存洪水、过滤污染物、保护社区等，体现出它是宝贵的自然环境，A 选项 “a valuable natural environment”（宝贵的自然环境）正确。B 选项 “a controversial conservation area”（有争议的保护区），文中未提及争议；C 选项 “a place with commercial potential”（有商业潜力的地方），未重点提及商业潜力；D 选项 “a headache for nearby communities”（给附近社区带来麻烦的地方）与原文描述不符。2.答案：B
解析：第二段提到美国最高法院裁决大幅削弱了美国环境保护署（EPA）对湿地和水道的监管权力，B 选项 “weakens the EPA’s regulatory power”（削弱了环境保护署的监管权力）正确。A 选项 “reinforces water pollution control”（加强水污染控制）与原文相悖；C 选项 “will end conflicts among local residents”（将结束当地居民之间的冲突），文中未提及；D 选项 “may face opposition from mining operators”（可能面临矿业运营商的反对），矿业运营商是裁决受益者，不会反对。3.答案：A
解析：从文中作者指出切萨皮克湾面临风险，如最高法院裁决削弱监管权力、州法律保护短视等内容可看出，作者对切萨皮克湾未来感到担忧，A 选项 “Worried”（担忧的）正确。B 选项 “Puzzled”（困惑的）、C 选项 “Relieved”（宽慰的）、D 选项 “Encouraged”（受鼓舞的）均不符合作者态度。4.答案：D
解析：第四段提到环境保护署参与切萨皮克湾项目至关重要，是超越邻州特殊利益集团影响的手段，说明它能确保保护工作的协调，D 选项 “It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts”（它确保了保护工作的协调）正确。A 选项 “It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions”（它恢复了邻州辖区之间的平衡），文中未提及恢复平衡；B 选项 “It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries”（它引发了商业渔业的彻底改革），未提及商业渔业改革；C 选项 “It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities”（它树立了尊重州政府权力的良好榜样），与原文不符。5.答案：B
解析：最后一段作者呼吁各州立法者审查湿地保护措施，认识到其中利害关系，说明作者认为州立法者应重视湿地保护，B 选项 “attach due importance to wetlands protections”（充分重视湿地保护）正确。A 选项 “be cautious about the influence of landowners”（对土地所有者的影响持谨慎态度）、C 选项 “recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges”（认识到扩大野生动物保护区的必要性）、D 选项 “improve the wellbeing of endangered species”（改善濒危物种的福祉）均不是作者呼吁立法者做的主要事情。
重难点词汇
saline /ˈseɪlaɪn/ ：adj. 含盐的；咸的 ，“saline waters” 咸水
shallow /ˈʃæləʊ/ ：n. 浅滩；浅处 adj. 浅的 ，“The shallows” 浅滩
surge /sɜːdʒ/ ：n. 汹涌；激增；风暴潮 ，“storm surges” 风暴潮
repercussion /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/ ：n. 反响；影响；后果 ，“significant repercussions” 重大影响
shortsighted /ˌʃɔːtˈsaɪtɪd/ ：adj. 目光短浅的；近视的 ，“a shortsighted view” 短视的观点
watershed /ˈwɔːtəʃed/ ：n. 流域；分水岭 ，“a 64,000 - square - mile watershed” 6.4 万平方英里的集水区
jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/ ：n. 司法辖区；管辖权 ，“those jurisdictions” 那些辖区
dire /ˈdaɪə(r)/ ：adj. 极其严重的；危急的 ，“dire consequences” 严重后果
runoff /ˈrʌnɒf/ ：n. 径流；排水 ，“the runoff into nearby creeks” 流入附近小溪的径流
重难点语法
The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water.
语法点：“not...but...” 是并列连词，意为 “不是…… 而是……” ，连接两个并列的介词短语 “in its depths” 和 “in the complexity...and the mix...” 。
All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.
语法点：“when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case” 是 when 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 “last month” ，when 在从句中作时间状语 。“that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways” 是 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 “a ruling” ，that 在从句中作主语 。
The Chesapeake Bay draws from a 64,000 - square - mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware.
语法点：“that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware” 是 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 “a 64,000 - square - mile watershed” ，that 在从句中作主语 。
Part B
Directions:
Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement from the list A - G for each numbered name (41 - 45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
(41) Hannah
Simply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) Buck
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43) Sara
When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th - century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples’ cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44) Victor
Ancient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original，country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries. But look at what happened to Boston’s Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt, Vermeer, Manet, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe, nowhere. And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45) Julia
To those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would，ask you to consider: why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a day’s drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens aren’t? What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being ，preserved and displayed，by their countries of origin? If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts, think about why you’re assuming that to be true.[A] It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.
[B] It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.
[C] Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts’ copies after the originals are returned.
[D] Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.
[E] The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.
[F] Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.
[G] Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.
翻译
B 部分
说明：
阅读以下关于美国博物馆将文物归还原属国的报告的评论，以及总结这些评论的陈述列表。从 A - G 选项中为每个编号（41 - 45）对应的评论者选择最合适的陈述。有两个选项是多余的。在答题卡上作答。（10 分）
（41）汉娜
很简单，尼日利亚有些人无法前往史密森学会，去瞻仰贝宁青铜器所代表的他们的部分历史和文化。这些青铜器作为他们文化遗产和历史的一部分，以及民族自豪感的来源，应该为他们所拥有。没有充分的理由表明，这些文物不应为其所属的几代人在教育目标或启发方面所能接触到。它们在美国或其他地方的博物馆里，除了作为奇珍异物外毫无用处。它们与为销售而创作的艺术品不同，后者可以通过购买在人们手中和不同地方流转。（42）巴克
我们知道，艺术品的精确复制品是可以而且经常被制作出来的。也许博物馆和政府可以探索使用近乎精确的复制品，以此作为解决与归还艺术品和文物相关问题的一种方式。对我来说，任何展览的背景比所展示的物品是有 2000 年历史还是 2 个月历史更为重要。在很多情况下，专家们很难就什么是真品、什么是赝品达成一致。同样，展览想要讲述的故事才是关键。展品的货币价值在重要性方面远远排在第二位。（43）萨拉
参观巴尔的摩艺术博物馆时，我偶然看到一件精美的 15 世纪中国雕塑。它激励我去更多地了解它所代表的文化。博物馆里的文物具有激励作用，或许能激发人们去学习和了解其创作者本质的需求。话虽如此，我确实认为，进入公共博物馆的任何文物都应该是通过合法租借、合法购买或条约获取的。从其他民族文化中盗窃文物是不道德的；这不仅夺走了实物，还剥夺了其创作者的尊严和精神。（44）维克多
在外国展出的古代艺术品无论如何都应该归还原属国。外国没有权利阻止归还这些物品。我建议外国和原属国商讨移交的条款。诚然，存在这样的风险，即原属国的安保可能不如外国。但是看看 1990 年波士顿加德纳博物馆被盗事件，包括伦勃朗、维米尔、马奈等大师的作品失窃。没有什么地方是绝对安全的。而且现在，气候变化活动人士正在袭击欧洲博物馆公开展出的作品。（45）朱莉娅
对于评论区那些强烈反对将文物从美国和英国的城市移走并归还原属国的人，我希望你们考虑：为什么你们认为美国人比尼日利亚人更有权利轻易看到贝宁青铜器？为什么住在伦敦一日车程范围内的人有权随时去参观埃尔金大理石雕，而雅典人却不行？是什么内在因素使得西方成为这些文物的合适归宿，却阻止它们在原属国被保存和展出？如果你们的结论是西方更有能力保存这些文物，想想你们为什么会这样认为。
解析
41.E
41 题：汉娜认为贝宁青铜器应该归还给尼日利亚，因为尼日利亚人无法前往美国博物馆瞻仰，这些文物对他们来说是文化遗产和民族自豪感的来源，在美国博物馆只是奇珍异物，体现了文物在原属国才能真正体现价值，对应 E 选项 “The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.”（文物的真正价值只有在其原属国才能被认可，而不是在其他任何地方）。
42.C
42 题：巴克提出可以用近乎精确的复制品来解决文物归还问题，认为展览背景比展品本身年代等更重要，意味着即使文物原件被归还，参观者从复制品中也能学到很多，对应 C 选项 “Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts’ copies after the originals are returned.”（在文物原件被归还后，博物馆参观者从复制品中仍能学到同样多的东西）。
43.F
43 题：萨拉提到进入博物馆的文物应该通过合法途径获取，盗窃文物是不道德的，强调获取文物的方式要正当合法，对应 F 选项 “Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.”（从其他国家获取文物的方式必须正当合法。
44.G
44 题：维克多主张外国展出的古代艺术品应归还原属国，虽然原属国可能安保不如外国，但不能以此为借口不归还，对应 G 选项 “Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.”（对安保的担忧不能成为拒绝将文物归还原属国的借口)。
45.B
45 题：朱莉娅对反对文物归还的观点提出质疑，认为反对文物归还原属国的推理是有缺陷的，对应 B 选项 “It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.”（反对将文物归还原属国的推理是有缺陷的） 。
重难点词汇
artifact /ˈɑːtɪfækt/ ：n. 手工艺品；文物；人工制品
cultural heritage ：文化遗产
curious object ：奇珍异物
reproduction /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃn/ ：n. 复制品；再现；繁殖
antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/ ：n. 古代；古物；古迹
forgery /ˈfɔːdʒəri/ ：n. 伪造；赝品
sanction /ˈsæŋkʃn/ ：v. 批准；认可；制裁 n. 制裁；批准
obscene /əbˈsiːn/ ：adj. 淫秽的；不道德的；可憎的
agitator /ˈædʒɪteɪtə(r)/ ：n. 煽动者；搅拌器
intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/ ：adj. 内在的；本质的；固有的
preclude /prɪˈkluːd/ ：v. 排除；阻止；妨碍
重难点语法
There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.
语法点：“that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach...” 是同位语从句，解释说明 “reason” 。“to which they were left” 是 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句，修饰 “the generations” ，which 在从句中作介词 to 的宾语 。
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.
语法点：“very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced” 是省略了 that 的宾语从句，作 know 的宾语 。在从句中，“can be produced” 和 “are regularly produced” 是并列结构 。
Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty.
语法点：“Having said that” 是现在分词的完成式作时间状语，表示动作发生在主句动作之前 。“that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should...” 是 that 引导的宾语从句，作 feel 的宾语 ，在这个宾语从句中，“whatever artifacts find their way to public museums” 是主语从句 。
解答题目的技巧
理解评论核心观点：仔细阅读每个评论者的言论，抓住其核心观点和态度。比如汉娜强调文物对原属国人民的文化意义和价值，要归还原属国；巴克关注用复制品解决文物归还问题等。可以通过标记关键词、关键句来辅助理解。
分析选项特征：逐一分析选项内容，明确每个选项的侧重点。例如 A 选项强调原属国未得到赔偿，B 选项针对反对文物归还的推理进行评价等。
匹配评论与选项：将评论者的观点与选项进行细致比对，看哪个选项能最准确地概括或与评论内容相契合。注意不要被选项中部分相似表述误导，要整体理解选项和评论的含义。比如看到评论中提到安保问题，要思考与选项中关于安保和文物归还关系的表述是否一致。
排除干扰项：对于明显不符合评论内容的选项，及时排除。比如某个评论未涉及文物赔偿问题，那么关于赔偿的选项就可排除。同时，若遇到不确定的选项，可先标记，继续分析其他选项，通过对比来确定最合适的答案。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.
The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. (46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity.” When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.
Although the cues used by African elephants for long - distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free - ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.
Their well - developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.
翻译
说明：
仔细阅读下面的文章，然后将划线部分翻译成中文。在答题卡上作答。（10 分）
“大象永远不会忘记” —— 人们是这么说的 —— 这句民间俗语似乎有些道理。
非洲草原象，也被称为非洲丛林象，分布在 37 个非洲国家。它们在多种栖息地之间迁徙，包括森林、草原、林地、湿地和农田。（46）它们有时会跋涉六十多英里去寻找食物或水源，而且非常擅长确定其他大象的位置，即便那些大象在视线之外。研究人员通过使用追踪设备发现，它们具有 “非凡的空间感知能力” 。在寻找水源地时，它们总能朝着正确的方向前进，有一次甚至是从大约三十英里外出发的。而且，它们似乎几乎总是会选择最近的水源地。（47）研究人员确信，大象总能精确地知道自己相对于所需资源的位置，因此它们既能抄近路，也能沿着熟悉的路线走。
虽然非洲象用于长途导航的线索尚未被完全了解，但嗅觉很可能起到了作用。
大象对食物非常挑剔，但直到最近，人们对它们如何选择食物还知之甚少。（48）一种可能是，它们仅仅依靠视觉，去尝试找到的植物，但这可能会浪费大量时间和精力，尤其是因为它们的视力实际上并不好。
（49）植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以传播很远，而且具有很强的特征性：每种植物或树木都有其独特的气味标识。此外，即使这些化学物质实际上不可见，也能被探测到。新的研究表明，嗅觉是引导大象，可能还有其他食草动物，找到最佳食物来源的关键因素。
研究人员首先确定了大象在自由觅食时喜欢吃或避开哪些种类的植物。然后他们设置了一个 “食物站” 实验，在实验中只让大象根据气味进行一系列选择。（50）实验表明，大象很可能利用嗅觉来识别哪些树林适合食用，其次还会评估每个树林中树木的质量。自由活动的大象大概也会利用这些信息来找到它们喜欢的食物。
它们发达的海马体结构可能使大象，像老鼠和人类一样，构建认知地图。
解析
46.它们有时会行进60多英里以寻找食物或水源，而且非常擅长判断其他大象的位置——即使后者位于其视线范围之外。
（46）：“travel more than sixty miles” 意思是 “跋涉六十多英里” ；“working out” 在这里是 “确定；弄清楚” 的意思 ；“out of sight” 意为 “在视线之外” 。翻译时注意语序调整，使译文符合中文表达习惯。
47.研究人员确信，这些大象总是能够很精确地知道它们所需的所有资源之间的相对位置，因此除了走熟路，它们还能走捷径。
（47）：“are convinced that” 表示 “确信；坚信” ；“in relation to” 意为 “关于；相对于” ；“take shortcuts” 是 “抄近路” 。准确理解短语含义，通顺地组织译文。
48.其中一种可能的解释是，它们仅靠它们的眼镜来寻觅食物，并试吃它们寻觅到的织物，但这种情况可能会浪费大量的时间和精力，尤其是因为它们的视力实际上并不怎么好。
（48）：“one possibility was that...” 是 “一种可能是……” 的表达 ；“tried out” 是 “尝试” ；“not least because” 意为 “尤其是因为” 。注意从句的翻译和逻辑关系表达。
49.植物所产生的挥发性化学物质可以扩散很远的距离，而且这些物质还极具独特性：每种植物或树木都有自己特有的气味特征。
（49）：“volatile chemicals” 是 “挥发性化学物质” ；“odor signature” 可译为 “气味标识” 。准确翻译专业词汇，保证译文准确性。
50.实验表明，大象完全可以用嗅觉来辨别适宜食用的树丛，并评估每片树丛内树木的质量。
（50）：“may well” 是 “很可能” ；“patches of trees” 可理解为 “一片片树林” ；“assess the quality” 是 “评估质量” 。注意短语翻译和句子整体逻辑。
重难点词汇
folklore /ˈfəʊklɔː(r)/ ：n. 民间传说；民俗学
distributed /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd/ ：adj. 分布的 ，动词形式为 distribute（分布；分配）
habitats /ˈhæbɪtæts/ ：n. 栖息地 ，是 habitat 的复数形式
spatial /ˈspeɪʃl/ ：adj. 空间的 ，“spatial acuity” 空间感知能力
acuity /əˈkjuːəti/ ：n. 敏锐；尖锐
cues /kjuːz/ ：n. 线索；提示 ，是 cue 的复数形式
navigation /ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/ ：n. 导航；航行
choosy /ˈtʃuːzi/ ：adj. 挑剔的；难以取悦的
volatile /ˈvɒlətaɪl/ ：adj. 挥发性的；易变的
odor /ˈəʊdə(r)/ ：n. 气味；味道
signature /ˈsɪɡnətʃə(r)/ ：n. 标识；签名；特征 ，“odor signature” 气味标识
herbivores /ˈhɜːbɪvɔːz/ ：n. 食草动物 ，是 herbivore 的复数形式
foraging /ˈfɒrɪdʒɪŋ/ ：n. 觅食 ，动词形式为 forage（觅食；搜寻）
hippocampal /ˌhɪpəˈkæmpəl/ ：adj. 海马体的
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ ：adj. 认知的 ，“cognitive maps” 认知地图
重难点语法
They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight.
语法点：“to find food or water” 是动词不定式作目的状语 。“where other elephants are” 是 where 引导的宾语从句，作 “working out” 的宾语 。“even when they are out of sight” 是 when 引导的时间状语从句，even 起强调作用 。
The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.
语法点：“that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need” 是 that 引导的宾语从句，作 “are convinced” 的宾语 。在这个宾语从句中，“where they are in relation to all the resources they need” 又是 where 引导的宾语从句，作 know 的宾语 ，其中 “they need” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “resources” 。
One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
语法点：“that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found” 是 that 引导的表语从句，作 was 的表语 。“they found” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “plants” 。“not least because their eyesight is actually not very good” 是 because 引导的原因状语从句 。
解答题目的技巧
准确理解原文：仔细阅读文章，尤其是划线部分的上下文，把握句子在文中的含义和逻辑关系。遇到不认识的单词，先根据上下文猜测词义，若无法确定，再结合文章主题和背景知识进行推断。比如根据文章中关于大象觅食等内容，推测 “foraging” 与觅食相关。
分析句子结构：确定句子的主干和修饰成分，识别各类从句（如宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等）及其引导词。对于长难句，可先划分句子结构，再逐一翻译各部分，最后按照中文表达习惯调整语序。例如翻译（47）句时，先分析出 “The researchers are convinced that...” 是主句，“that” 引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中又有多个成分，然后分别翻译并整合。
注意词汇翻译：对于重难点词汇，要准确翻译其含义，同时注意一些固定短语和搭配的翻译。如果遇到一词多义的情况，要根据上下文选择合适的词义。比如 “signature” 常见意思是 “签名” ，在文中 “odor signature” 应译为 “气味标识” 。
保证译文通顺：翻译完成后，检查译文是否通顺、符合中文表达习惯，避免出现生硬、晦涩的表述。适当增减词语，使句子更加流畅自然。比如在翻译一些状语从句时，可根据逻辑关系添加 “因为”“所以”“虽然” 等关联词。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.
Dear Li Ming,
I've got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist, but I'm not sure how to prepare for it. Can you give me some advice?
Thank you for your help.
Yours,
Paul
Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in your email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
翻译
第三部分 写作
A 节
说明：
阅读下面这位国际学生的邮件并写一封回复。亲爱的李明：
我有一个课堂作业，要做一个关于中国古代科学家的口头报告，但我不确定如何准备。你能给我一些建议吗？
感谢你的帮助。
你的，
保罗在答题卡上用大约 100 词作答。
邮件中请勿使用你自己的名字，用 “李明” 代替。（10 分）
第三部分 写作
Part A
建议信
一、审题谋篇
1.“审题不清导致立意偏误” 的实例
①忽视格式要求，写成一篇关于中国古代科学家的报告，而不是针对 Paul 的问题给出回复的邮件。
②回复邮件中单纯提供关于某位中国古代科学家的事实信息，未就如何准备口头报告提供建议。
③因不认识或漏看 ancient 一词而错误地建议 Paul 将某位中国现当代科学家作为报告的主要内容。
2.解析题目指令，确定行文要点
说明：建议信是一种用于提供专业或个人意见的书信。开篇可简单介绍写信的背景和目的，比如简要回顾对方在来信中提到的问题，进而引出自己的建议。主体段应详细、清晰地阐述建议，包括明确的指导、步骤或策略，以帮助收信人理解和实施这些建议。具体到本篇，在给出建议时既可提及具体的科学家名字，也可不提及；但不论提及与否，主体段的内容应始终围绕 “如何准备和呈现报告” 展开，较不建议通篇介绍某位科学家的生平事迹和杰出成就，因为对方的困惑是 “不知道如何准备报告”，而非 “不知道应该选择哪位科学家以及为何选择这位科学家”。结尾段可表达鼓励和支持，以及对收信人取得成功的信心，同时表示如果有进一步的问题或需要更多帮助，对方可以随时联系。
二、作文进阶
基础作文 参考译文
Dear Paul,
I'm happy to help with your assignment about an ancient Chinese scientist.
①You can start by picking someone famous, like Zhang Heng or Zu Chongzhi. ②Learn about his life, big discoveries, and how he changed science and people. ③This will be the main part of your talk. ④Add pictures and fun stories about the scientist to make it more interesting. ⑤Also, it's important to communicate well. ⑥You should speak in a clear and sure way. ⑦This may seem like old - boring advice, but it can help make your talk better.
①I think if you do these things, your report will be great. ②Contact me if you have more questions. ③Good luck!
Warm regards,
Li Ming亲爱的保罗：
我很乐意协助你完成关于一位中国古代科学家的作业。
①你可以从挑选张衡或祖冲之这样的名人开始。②了解他们的生平、重大发现，以及他们如何改变了科学和人类。③这将是你口头报告的主要部分。④加入图片和有关科学家的趣事以使报告更加有趣。⑤此外，良好的沟通也很重要。⑥你应该用清晰、沉着自信的方式说话。⑦这看似是陈词滥调的无聊建议，但却能让你的演讲更好。
①我想，如果你做到了这些，你的报告一定会很棒。②如有更多问题，请联系我。③祝你好运！
致以亲切的问候
李明分步进阶
第一段
I'm happy to help with your assignment about an ancient Chinese scientist.词汇表达：1) 将 I'm happy 替换为 It gives me great pleasure，提升正式度和热情度。2) 将 help with 替换为更正式和具体的 extend my assistance and offer advice on（就…… 提供帮助和建议）。3) 将 assignment 替换为 oral report（口头报告），使内容更具体，突出作业的性质。4) 添加 upcoming（即将到来的）作定语，使表达更具时效性和紧迫感。
句式变换：原句是一个简单句（I'm happy to do sth），可考虑将其改为包含 It 作形式主语的句子（It gives me great pleasure to do sth），提升语句的正式度和复杂度。
高级范例：It gives me great pleasure to extend my assistance and offer advice on your upcoming oral report about an ancient Chinese scientist.
第二段
①You can start by picking someone famous, like Zhang Heng or Zu Chongzhi.词汇表达：1) 将 start by 替换为 A good starting point would be，使开头更加正式和具有引导性。2) 将 picking 替换为更高级、更书面化的 selecting（选择；挑选）。3) 将 someone famous 替换为更高级、更书面化的 a notable figure（一位著名的人物）。4) 在举例时，将 like 替换为 such as，使语言更正式和书面化。
句式变换：开头句直接使用第二人称对来信者提出建议（You can start by doing sth），略显唐突和不礼貌，可考虑将其改为舍去第二人称且含情态动词 would 的句子（A good starting point would be doing sth），使语气更委婉和礼貌。
高级范例：A good starting point would be selecting a notable figure, such as Zhang Heng or Zu Chongzhi.
②Learn about his life, big discoveries, and how he changed science and people.
词汇表达:1) 将 learn about 替换为更高级的、更适用于学术语域的 probe into (深入了解), 表示详细研究或探究。2) 将代词 his 替换为指代更明确且性别中性的 the scientist's。3) 将 life 替换为语义范围更小、更贴合语境的 life stories (生平故事)。4) 将 big discoveries 替换为更高级的 major achievements (主要成就)。5) 将 how he changed science and people 替换为更简洁、更书面化的 impact on science and society (对科学和社会的影响)。6) 添加 use your school library and the Internet to (利用学校图书馆和互联网), 给出具体方法，使建议更实用。
句式变换:1) 原句为祈使句 (暗含命令语气), 生硬唐突，略显失礼，可考虑添加传达 “建议” 之意的 you can 以使语气缓和。2) 在句首添加时间状语 After making your choice, 提供明确的行动顺序，增强与上句的语义连贯。
高级范例：After making your choice, you can use your school library and the Internet to probe into the scientist's life stories, major achievements, and impact on science and society.
③This will be the main part of your talk.
词汇表达:1) 将 This 替换 This research, 明确前句所提建议为 “搜索研究”。2) 将 main part 替换为更高级、更形象的 backbone (骨干；主要成分)。3) 将 talk 替换为更具体、更贴合题目要求的 report (报告)。
句式变换：将原句的系表结构 will be the main part of... 替换为更学术化的谓宾结构 will form the backbone of...(构成…… 的主体内容)。
高级范例：This research will form the backbone of your report.
④Add pictures and fun stories about the scientist to make it more interesting.
词汇表达:1) 将 add 替换为更加正式和学术化的 incorporate (将…… 包括在内)。2) 将 pictures、fun stories 分别替换为更能体现词汇水平的 visuals (视觉元素)、interesting anecdotes (有趣的轶事)。3) 将 make it more interesting 替换为更高级、更贴合语境的 engage your audience (吸引听众的注意)。
句式变换:1) 原句是以祈使句表达的简单直接的指令，略显生硬失礼，可考虑将其改写为动名词作主语的陈述句以提出建议 (Doing sth will be highly beneficial.)。2) 将目的状语 to do sth 提至句首，强调本条建议的原因和预期的结果，增加句子的说服力。
高级范例：To engage your audience, incorporating visuals and interesting anecdotes about the scientist will be highly beneficial.
⑤Also, it's important to communicate well.
词汇表达:1) 将 Also 替换为更正式的 Furthermore。2) 将 important 替换为更能体现词汇水平的 key (关键的)。
句式变换:1) 添加固定表达 remember that...(记住……) 以强调本条建议的重要性 (注：虽应尽量避免使用祈使句形式的命令式表达，但 remember that... 可以起到强调的作用，故此处使用这一表达)。2) 将 “动词 + 副词” 结构 (communicate well) 替换为更符合学术写作特点的 “形容词 + 名词” 结构 (effective communication), 相应地，原句 it's important to communicate well 则修改为 effective communication is key。
高级范例：Furthermore, remember that effective communication is key.
⑥You should speak in a clear and sure way. ⑦This may seem like old boring advice, but it can help make your talk better.
词汇表达:1) 将 in a clear and sure way 替换为更书面化的 clearly and with confidence (清晰、自信地)。2) 将 advice 的定语 old boring 替换为更高级、更精辟的 clichéd (陈词滥调的)。3) 将 it can help do sth 替换为更书面化的 it is crucial for doing sth (这对于…… 至关重要)。4) 将 talk 替换为更具体的 presentation (演讲；报告)。5) 将 better 替换为更高级的 more powerful (更有感染力)。
句式变换:1)⑥⑦句均为短小的句子，两句分立略显破碎，且⑦句已能够体现 “提建议” 这一意图，不需要⑥句中使用情态动词 should 进行建议，故可考虑将⑥⑦句整合为一个复合句。其中⑦句 This 回指⑥句中的 speak..., 可将其替换为动名词短语 speaking... 充当主语。高级范例：Speaking clearly and with confidence may seem like clichéd advice, but it is crucial for making your presentation more powerful.
第三段
①I think if you do these things, your report will be great.
词汇表达：1) 将 I think (that)... 替换为 I'm confident that..., 提高语气的确定性和说服力，加强鼓励效果。2) 将 things 替换为更高级、更书面化的 elements (元素)。3) 将 great 替换为更高级、更具体的 both informative and engaging (既内容丰富又引人入胜) 。
句式变换：将条件状语从句 (if you do sth) 替换为更简洁的介词短语 (with sth) 。
高级范例：I'm confident that with these elements, your report will be both informative and engaging.
②Contact me if you have more questions.
词汇表达：1) 将 contact me 替换为更正式且更能体现词汇水平的 reach out (主动联系或寻求他人的帮助、信息或合作) 。2) 将 more 替换为更高级、更正式的 further, 暗示对更深入或更复杂问题的开放态度。
句式变换：在祈使句前添加固定短语 feel free to..., 使语气更加友好和开放。
高级范例：Feel free to reach out if you have further questions.
③Good luck!
词汇表达：将 Good luck 替换为 Best of luck, 增强祝福的强度和正式度。
句式变换：补充后置定语 on this exciting project, 使语义更具体完整。
高级范例：Best of luck on this exciting project!
高级范文呈现
高级范文
Dear Paul,
It gives me great pleasure to extend my assistance and offer advice on your upcoming oral report about an ancient Chinese scientist.
①A good starting point would be selecting a notable figure, such as Zhang Heng or Zu Chongzhi. ②After making your choice, you can use your school library and the Internet to probe into the scientist's life stories, major achievements, and impact on science and society. ③This research will form the backbone of your report. ④To engage your audience, incorporating visuals and interesting anecdotes about the scientist will be highly beneficial. ⑤Furthermore, remember that effective communication is key. ⑥Speaking clearly and with confidence may seem like clichéd advice, but it is crucial for making your presentation more powerful.
①I'm confident that with these elements, your report will be both informative and engaging. ②Feel free to reach out if you have further questions. ③Best of luck on this exciting project!
Warm regards,
Li Ming参考译文
亲爱的保罗：
我很高兴能就你即将进行的有关中国古代科学家的口头报告提供帮助和建议。
①选择一位著名的人物，比如张衡或祖冲之，会是一个好的开始。②做出选择后，你可以利用学校图书馆和互联网深入了解这位科学家的生平故事、主要成就以及对科学和社会的影响。③这些研究将构成你报告的主体内容。④为了吸引听众的注意，将视觉元素和关于这位科学家的有趣轶事融入你的报告将非常有益。⑤此外，要记住，有效的沟通是关键。⑥清晰、自信地讲话可能听起来是陈词滥调的建议，但这对于使你的报告更有感染力至关重要。
①我相信有了这些元素，你的报告会内容丰富并引人入胜。②如有其他问题，请随时联系。③祝你在这个令人兴奋的课题研究上好运！致以亲切的问候
李明
三、应用模板
本模板适用于撰写各类建议信（如针对如何准备一项比赛 / 一场公众演说或如何提升某种能力提建议）。
英文
中文
Dear _____,
Ⅰ ①I hope this letter/email/message finds you well. ②I am writing to share some thoughts and suggestions regarding _____.
Ⅱ ①Firstly, I'd recommend that you _____. ②While this may seem like clichéd/standard/simple advice, its importance cannot be overstated/overemphasized. ③Implementing this can lead to _____. ④Additionally, it's beneficial to consider _____. ⑤This aspect plays a crucial/vital role in _____, but it is often overlooked/downplayed. ⑥Moreover, do not underestimate the power of _____. ⑦This might be challenging, but it is essential for .
Ⅲ ①I'm confident that these suggestions will be beneficial for you as you navigate the project/assignment/contest/. ②Please don't hesitate to reach out if you have further questions or need more guidance. ③Wish you the best in your endeavors!
Best regards,
Li Ming亲爱的_____：
Ⅰ ①希望你一切都好。②我写这封信是想就_____分享一些想法和建议。
Ⅱ ①首先，我建议你_____。②尽管这似乎是陈词滥调 / 模板化 / 简单的建议，但其重要性无论怎样强调都不过分。③落实这一点可以使_____。④此外，考虑_____也是有益的。⑤这一方面在_____中却发挥着至关重要的作用，却经常被忽视 / 淡化。⑥此外，不要低估_____的效力。⑦这可能具有挑战性，但它对_____是必不可少的。
Ⅲ ①我相信这些建议对你在应对这个项目 / 作业 / 竞赛 /_____时会有所帮助。②如果你有更多问题或需要更多指导，请随时联系。③祝你进展顺利！
祝好
李明
四、写作储备
建议信常用表达
开篇：说明写作目的
I'm writing to provide some suggestions on... 我写这封信是为了提供一些关于…… 的建议。
I'm glad/pleased/delighted to offer my thoughts on... 我很乐意提供我对于…… 的一些想法。
I appreciate you considering my opinions regarding... 感谢你愿意参考我对…… 的意见。
This email/letter is intended to answer your request for my advice on... 这封邮件 / 信件是对你征求我关于…… 建议的回应。
中间段：具体阐述建议
I would like to suggest/recommend... 我想建议 / 推荐……
It's important to keep in mind that... 需要记住……
One approach/strategy might be to... 一种可能的方法 / 策略是……
Based on my experience/knowledge, it may be beneficial to consider... 根据我的经验 / 知识，考虑…… 可能是有益的。
结尾：提供鼓励和支持，并表示乐意解答更多问题、提供更多帮助
I hope you find these suggestions helpful. 希望这些建议对你有所帮助。
If there’s anything else I can do to assist, please don’t hesitate to ask. 如果我还能为你提供其他帮助，请随时找我。
I look forward to hearing about your progress/success. 我期待听到你的进展 / 成功。
Best wishes for a successful outcome. 衷心祝愿你取得成功。
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below. In your essay, you should1）describe the picture and the chart briefly,
2）interpret the implied meaning, and
3）give your comments.
Write your answer in 160 - 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
B 节
说明：
根据下面的图片和图表写一篇作文。在作文中，你应该1）简要描述图片和图表，
2）阐释其隐含意义，并且
3）给出你的评论。
在答题卡上用 160 - 200 词作答。（20 分）
Part B
建造更多公园，方便居民健身、休闲
一、审题谋篇
“审题不清导致立意偏误” 的实例
①图画中有两人很守规矩地在步道上走路，有两人在草坪上奔跑，考生可能由此认为图画意在通过这一对比呼吁人们 “不要践踏草坪，要爱护公园里的一草一木”。
②考生可能忽略图画展现的积极面，仅根据图表所示 “公园数量增加” 主观认定图表意在批判 “城市建设缺乏合理的规划（一味建造公园，忽视了其他设施）”，并基于此展开论述。
③考生可能分别描述了图画和图表，但在论述时却没有将二者的内容（公园的使用情况和公园数量的增加）关联起来，分析相关的原因或影响。结合全部可用信息，正确推导寓意
二、作文进阶
基础作文
①The picture on the left depicts a park. ②A young couple are walking in the park, and two children are running. ③A resident sees this scene and says, "The new small park near home is really great!" ④The chart on the right shows that the number of parks in a certain city has increased from 406 in 2020 to 670 in 2022.
①The picture indicates that parks can make people feel happy. ②Parks are of great importance to cities. ③They help clean the air, and people can see a lot of plants and animals there. ④Moreover, many people like doing exercise and having fun in parks. ⑤When more parks are built, people will have more opportunities to connect with nature and engage in physical activities. ⑥As a result, they will become healthier. ⑦Many local governments know these benefits very well, so they have built a large number of parks recently, just like the city shown in the chart.
①To conclude, parks are very important, because they help increase people's quality of life. ②The government should not focus only on new parks, but also on old ones.参考译文
①左侧的图画描绘的是一座公园。②一对年轻情侣在园内散步，两个孩子在跑步。③看到这一幕，一位居民说道：“家门口新建的小公园真不错！”④右侧的图表显示，某市的公园数量从 2020 年的 406 座增至 2022 年的 670 座。
①图画表明，公园能使人感到幸福。②公园对城市至关重要。③公园有助于清洁空气，人们能在公园里看到许多动植物。④此外，许多人喜欢在公园里锻炼、玩乐。⑤公园建得越多，人们就越有机会接触大自然、参与锻炼。⑥他们就会变得更健康。⑦许多地方政府非常清楚这些好处，因而最近建了许多公园，就像图表所示的城市那样。
①总之，公园非常重要，因为它们有助于提高人们的生活质量。②政府不应只关注新公园，也应关注旧公园。・分步进阶・
第一段
①The picture on the left depicts a park. ②A young couple are walking in the park, and two children are running.
词汇表达：1）可在①句 park 后添加介词短语 with a public fitness area，既使得对图画的描述更完整，又能与主旨 “公园为居民提供健身场地” 相关联。2）将②句的 walking 替换为表意相近但更高级的 strolling，还可在其后添加修饰词 leisurely (悠闲地)，既丰富用语，又能与主旨 “公园供居民休闲放松” 相关联。3）将②句的 running 替换为表意更准确的 jogging (慢跑锻炼)，还可在其后添加介词短语 behind them，既充实行文，又使得对图画的描述更细致、准确。
句式变换：1）两句均提及图画的核心场景 “公园”，但①句信息明显过少，因此可将②句 in the park 改为 in which 置于句首，使之变换为非限制性定语从句，进而与①句合并。2）图画中 “年轻情侣散步” 和 “孩子慢跑锻炼” 同时发生，因此可将 and 改为 while，并删去其前的逗号，使原先的并列句变换为主从句，以丰富句式结构。
高级范例：The picture on the left depicts a park with a public fitness area, in which a young couple are strolling leisurely while two children are jogging behind them.③A resident sees this scene and says, "The new small park is really great!"
词汇表达：1）可将 says 改为表意相近但更高级的 comments 或 remarks。
2）可将 new 改为更贴合图中人物话语且更高级的 newly - built。
3）句式变换：本句核心内容是居民所说的话，为体现信息的主次之分并丰富句式结构，可将 sees this scene 转换为分词短语 Seeing this scene 或形容词短语 Delighted by this scene (因这一幕而高兴) 置于句首，使其充当状语，此时需删去 and。
高级范例：1）Seeing this scene, a resident remarks, "The newly - built small park near home is really great!"
2）Delighted by this scene, a resident comments, "The newly - built small park near home is really great!"
④The chart on the right shows that the number of parks in a certain city has increased from 406 in 2020 to 670 in 2022.
词汇表达：1）将 shows 替换为表意相近但更高级的 illustrates。2）可在 increased 后添加 in/over the past/ last/recent three years 并用逗号将其与 from...to... 隔开，既充实行文，又能更完整地展现图表标题的内容。
句式变换：可将简单的 that 宾语从句变换为名词短语 a (n) upward/growing/increasing trend in...，既丰富表达，又能直接点明图表呈现的上涨趋势。
高级范例：The chart on the right illustrates an upward trend in the number of parks in a certain city over the past three years, from 406 in 2020 to 670 in 2022.
第二段
①The picture indicates that parks can make people feel happy.
词汇表达：
1）图画中的人物提到的 “家门口” 一词为关键信息，暗示 “在住宅区附近建造的公园能为居民提供更多方便”，为了体现这一点，可在 parks 后添加插入语 particularly/especially those close to/near residential areas/neighborhoods，前后用逗号与句子主体部分隔开。此外，还可在 those 后添加 conveniently situated/located (坐落在方便的位置)，既能更进一步丰富表达，又能更凸显 “近便” 这一关键信息。
2）结合图画中的 “市民” 和图表中的 “某市” 可知二者聚焦 “城市公园给城市居民带来的便利”，因此可将 people 替换为表意更准确的 city/urban dwellers/residents/inhabitants。
可将 make sb feel happy 替换为表意相近但更高级的 raise/increase/enhance/improve sb's sense of well-being。
句式变换：主体段的开头句应更清晰明确地点出主旨，因此可将 indicates that parks can 变换为 is aimed at highlighting/emphasizing the role of parks in doing sth 或是 is intended to highlight/emphasize the role of parks in doing sth (旨在凸显公园在做某事方面的作用)，同时也能丰富用语、充实行文。
高级范例：The picture is aimed at highlighting the role of parks, particularly those (conveniently situated) close to residential neighborhoods, in increasing city dwellers' sense of well-being.
②Parks are of great importance to cities. ③They help clean the air, and people can see a lot of plants and animals there. ④Moreover, many people like doing exercise and having fun in parks.
词汇表达：
1）可将②句的 of great importance to cities 替换为更高级的 an essential and integral part of urban infrastructure (城市基础设施不可或缺的部分)。
2）可将③句的 help clean the air 替换为表意相近但更高级的 contribute to cleaner air，进而将 and 之后的内容替换为更高级且表意更准确的 greater biodiversity。
句式变换：句群的重点在于说明公园能带来的各种好处，也即③④句为重点信息，因此可将②句变换为介词短语 As an... 以与后两句合并，再将③④句通过 not only...but also... 结构串联 (需删去④句的 Moreover)；为了便于合并，可将④句的论述角度转换为 “公园带来的某种好处”，比如 Parks serve as an ideal place for doing exercise/fitness and having fun/recreation，再省略主语 Parks 以与③句合并。合并之后，内容更紧凑，重点更突出。
高级范例：As an essential part of urban infrastructure, they not only contribute to cleaner air and greater biodiversity, but also serve as an ideal place for fitness and recreation.
⑤When more parks are built, people will have more opportunities to connect with nature and engage in physical activities. ⑥As a result, they will become healthier.
词汇表达：
1）可将⑤句的 people 替换为表意更准确的 city/urban dwellers/residents/inhabitants。
2）可在⑤句 physical activities 前添加 outdoor (户外的)，既丰富用语，又更贴合公园场景。
句式变换：
3）可将⑤句变换为 The more...the more...(越…… 就越……) 结构，以丰富句式；也可将原先的主从复合句变换为 More parks mean more opportunities for...to... 这一简洁、紧凑的 “主谓宾” 简单句，通过 mean (意味着) 一词凸显句内的因果关联。
4）⑤⑥句也存在因果关联，因此可将⑥句变换为 “thus＋现在分词短语” 结构以与⑤句合并，充当结果状语。此时，需将⑥句的内容转换为 “去公园 (亲近大自然、参与锻炼) 能增进居民的健康”，即 improving their health；此外，还可在 health 前添加 physical and mental/psychological (身心的) 或 general (总体的) 等表达，以充实行文。
高级范例：
1)The more parks are built, the more opportunities urban inhabitants will have to connect with nature and engage in outdoor physical activities, thus improving their physical and mental health.
2)More parks mean more opportunities for urban residents to connect with nature and engage in outdoor physical activities, thus improving their general health.
⑦Many local governments have known these benefits very well, so they have built a large number of parks recently, just like the city shown in the chart.
词汇表达：可将 have known...very well 替换为更高级的 have widely recognized/acknowledged...(已广泛认可……)，以丰富用语。
句式变换：1）前文聚焦公园的各种好处，因此本句可直接将 these benefits 置于句首，将主动语态调整为被动语态，从而能与前文的衔接更紧密、顺畅，即 These benefits have been widely recognized/acknowledged (by many local governments)。
2）可将 so... 这一表示结果的分句变换为 as (is) evidenced by...(由…… 证明) 这一由 as 引导的定语从句，以丰富句式；此时，需将分句的内容调整为名词短语接在 by 之后，比如可调整为 the recent park building boom in many cities (最近许多城市的公园建设热潮)，再将 just like the city... 调整为 including the one...，既使用语更正式，又使句内逻辑更顺畅。
高级范例：These benefits have been widely recognized (by many local governments) , as evidenced by the recent park building boom in many cities, including the one shown in the chart.第三段
①To conclude, parks are very important, because they help increase people's quality of life.
词汇表达：可将 increase 替换为 raise、improve、enhance 等表达，以丰富用语。
句式变换：可利用 be vital/crucial to/for (doing) sth 结构使冗余的主从复合句变得更简洁、紧凑。
高级范例：To conclude, parks are crucial for enhancing people's quality of life.②The government should not focus only on new parks, but also on old ones.
词汇表达：1）可将 not focus only on...but also on... 替换为 not only put effort into...but also into...，同时在 new parks 和 old ones 前分别增补 building 和 maintaining，既丰富用语，又使句子表意更清晰。
2）可将 old 替换为更高级且表意更准确的 existing (现有的)。
3）可利用 as well as 或 together with/along with (连同…… 一起) 引出现有公园中需要维护的设施，比如 green spaces (绿地)、walking trails (步道)、fitness facilities (健身步道)、sports and leisure facilities (运动和休闲设施)、sports fields (运动场) 等，从而使内容更充实；此时，需在句末增补 in them (在它们 / 现有公园里)，以使表意更明确。
句式变换：可将全句变换为 In addition to...effort should also be put into...，从而更凸显语义重心 “不能忽视对现有公园的维护”。
高级范例：In addition to building new parks, effort should also be put into maintaining existing ones, along with green spaces, walking trails, and sports and leisure facilities in them.
[高级范文呈现]
高级范文
参考译文
①The picture on the left depicts a park with a public fitness area, in which a young couple are strolling leisurely while two children are jogging behind them. ②Delighted by this scene, a resident comments, "The newly - built small park near home is really great!" ③The chart on the right illustrates an upward trend in the number of parks in a certain city over the past three years, from 406 in 2020 to 670 in 2022.
①左侧的图画描绘的是一座设有市民健身区的公园，一对年轻情侣在园内悠闲地散步，同时两个孩子在他们身后慢跑。②看到这一幕，一位居民高兴地说道：“家门口新建的小公园真不错！”③右侧的图表显示了某市近三年公园数量的上升趋势，从 2020 年的 406 座增至 2022 年的 670 座。
①The picture is aimed at highlighting the role of parks, particularly those conveniently situated close to residential neighborhoods, in increasing city dwellers' sense of well - being. ②As an essential part of urban infrastructure, they not only contribute to cleaner air and greater biodiversity, but also serve as an ideal place for fitness and recreation. ③More parks mean more opportunities for urban residents to connect with nature and engage in outdoor physical activities, thus improving their general health. ④These benefits have been widely recognized, as evidenced by the recent park building boom in many cities, including the one shown in the chart.
①图画旨在凸显公园 —— 特别是那些坐落在居民区附近、方便到达的公园 —— 在提高城市居民幸福感方面的作用。②公园对城市至关重要。它们有助于清洁空气、提高生物多样性，还是健身和休闲的理想场所。③更多公园意味着城市居民有更多机会接触大自然、参与户外锻炼，进而改善他们的总体健康状况。④这些好处已得到广泛认可，最近许多城市（包括图表所示城市）的公园建设热潮就是证明。
①To conclude, parks are crucial for enhancing people's quality of life. ②In addition to building new parks, effort should also be put into maintaining existing ones, along with green spaces, walking trails, and sports and leisure facilities in them.
①总之，公园对于提高人们生活质量至关重要。②除了建造新的公园，还应致力于维护现有的公园，以及其中的绿地、步道、运动和休闲设施。
三、应用模板
模板注释：该模板适用于 “积极趋势类” 话题作文，且题目既有图画，也有体现某种积极增长趋势的图表。主体段先概述图画和图表展现的趋势，再分别从个人和社会的角度说明这一趋势的积极影响。结尾段先对引领和推动这一趋势的人给予积极评价，再转而指出仍有进步空间并提出相关建议。
英文 中文 Ⅰ ①The picture on the left depicts a delightful scene, where ____. ②Meanwhile, it can be observed from the chart on the right that the number/amount of ____ has increased for ____ years in a row, from ____ in ____ to ____ in ____. ①左侧的图画描绘了一幕令人欣喜的场景：____。②同时，从右侧的图表中可以看出，的数量已经连续____年增长，从____年的____增至____年的。 Ⅱ ①The picture and the chart are intended to illustrate a positive trend in which ____. ②Both individuals and society can derive a multitude of benefits from this trend. ③To be more specific, it enables every ____ to ____, thereby improving ____. ④In addition, it plays a vital role in ____, and therefore contributes a long way to building a society/nation/world in which ____. ①图画和图表旨在展现____的积极趋势。②个人和社会都能从这一趋势中受益良多。③具体而言，它使每个____都能____，从而改善____。④此外，它还在____方面发挥着重要作用，因此对建设一个____的社会 / 国家 / 世界大有裨益。 Ⅲ ①In summary, due credit/recognition should be given to those who initiated and promoted this trend. ②Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge that there is still significant room for improvement. ③The government/____ must make sustained efforts to ____ so as to satisfy the diverse needs of ____. ①总之，应该对这一趋势的发起者和推动者给予应有的肯定。②不过，必须承认仍有很大的改进空间。③政府 /必须不断努力，以满足____多样化的需求。 四、写作储备
- Parks give people a natural getaway in the middle of bustling cities, letting them enjoy the outdoors.
公园给人们提供了一个逃离城市喧嚣、亲近大自然的去处，让他们尽情享受户外活动。- Parks can help mitigate the impacts of climate change and reduce urban heat island effects. They also support biodiversity and provide habitat for wildlife.
公园有助于减轻气候变化的影响，降低城市热岛效应。公园还能维持生物多样性，为野生动植物提供栖息地。- Parks contribute to the overall livability and aesthetics of urban areas. They provide green spaces that break up the built environment and enhance the visual appeal of neighborhoods.
公园有助于提高城区的整体宜居度和美感。公园提供的绿地能将（人为）建造的环境分隔开来，并提升城区的视觉吸引力。- Public parks offer spaces for physical activities, encouraging people to engage in outdoor exercises such as walking, jogging, and cycling. Accessible and well - designed parks can promote an active and healthy lifestyle for individuals of all ages.
公园为体育锻炼提供了场地，鼓励人们参与散步、慢跑和骑行等户外运动。方便到达、设计合理的公园可以促进各年龄段的人们养成积极健康的生活方式。- The National Fitness Plan issued by China in 2021 aims to create or expand 2,000 fitness venues, such as sports parks and stadiums, by 2025, achieving "full coverage" of fitness facilities in counties, towns, villages and communities so that residents are no more than a 15 - minute walk from a place to exercise.
2021 年我国发布的《全民健身计划》的目标是，到 2025 年新建或改扩建 2000 处健身场所（如体育公园、体育场），在县、乡镇、村和社区实现健身设施 “全覆盖”，使居民步行 15 分钟以内就能到达健身场所。
2023 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）试题
（科目代码：201）
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically （1） outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or（2） .
The word “Caravanserais” is a （3）of the Persian words “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and “seray”, a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to （4）groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, （5） merchants, travellers or pilgrims.
From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the （6） of the caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road （7） the possibility of being attacked by thieves or being （8） to extreme weather conditions. For this reason, caravanserais were strategically placed （9） they could be reached in a day’s travel time.
Caravanserais served as an informal （10）point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. （11） , these structures became important centers for cultural （12） and interaction, with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs,（13） taking knowledge with them, greatly （14） the development of several civilisations.
Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and （15） in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. （16） , it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and （17） supplies for their own journeys. It is （18） that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, （19） only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in （20）.
1.A. displayed B. occupied C. located D. equipped
2.A. privately B. regularly C. respectively D. permanently
3.A. definition B. transition C. substitution D. combination
4.A. classify B. record C. describe D. connect
5.A. apart from B. instead of C. such as D. along with
6.A. construction B. restoration C. impression D. evaluation
7.A. doubted B. faced C. accepted D. reduced
8.A. assigned B. subjected C. accustomed D. opposed
9.A. so that B. even if C. now that D. in case
10.A. talking B. starting C. breaking D. meeting
11.A. By the way B. On occasion C. In comparison D. As a result
12.A. heritage B. revival C. exchange D. status
13.A. with regard to B. in spite of C. as well as D. in line with
14.A. completing B. influencing C. resuming D. pioneering
15.A. aided B. invested C. failed D. competed
16.A. Rather B. Indeed C. Otherwise D. However
17.A. go in for B. stand up for C. close in on D. stock up on
18.A. believed B. predicted C. recalled D. implied
19.A. until B. because C. unless D. although
20.A. ruins B. debt C. fashion D. series
翻译
第一部分 英语知识运用
商队旅馆是沿着丝绸之路，在中国、北非和中东等地区建造的路边客栈。它们通常位于城市或村庄的城墙外，资金通常由政府或私人提供。
“Caravanserais” 这个词是由波斯语 “karvan”（意为一群旅行者或商队）和 “seray”（意为宫殿或围合建筑）组合而成。“caravan” 这个词用于 描述 那些出于安全考虑，在古代交通网络上结伴而行的人群， 例如商人、旅行者或朝圣者。
从 10 世纪起，随着商路和旅行路线的不断发展，商队旅馆的建造数量不断增加，它们为人们提供了夜间休息的安全场所。丝绸之路上的旅行者面临着被盗贼袭击或遭受极端天气的可能性。因此，商队旅馆被战略性地选址， 以便人们在一天的行程内能够到达。
商队旅馆是丝绸之路旅行者的非正式会面点。 因此，这些建筑成为了文化交流和互动的重要中心，旅行者们分享他们的文化、思想和信仰， 也传播知识，极大地影响了几种文明的发展。
商队旅馆也是丝绸之路商品贸易的重要市场， 有助于货物交易。 事实上 ，它常常是商人出售商品和储备旅途物资的第一站。 人们认为 ，丝绸之路沿线曾建造了约12000到 15000 座商队旅馆， 尽管如今仅存约 3000 座，其中许多已破败不堪 。
第 1 题
A 选项：displayed /dɪˈspleɪd/ ，展示（display 的过去式和过去分词 ）
B 选项：occupied /ˈɒkjupaɪd/ ，占用（occupy 的过去式和过去分词 ）；已占用的；在使用的
C 选项：located /ləʊˈkeɪtɪd/ ，位于；坐落在（locate 的过去式和过去分词 ）
D 选项：equipped /ɪˈkwɪpt/ ，配备；装备（equip 的过去式和过去分词 ）
第 2 题
A 选项：privately /ˈpraɪvətli/ ，私下地；秘密地；由私人（出资、进行等 ）
B 选项：regularly /ˈreɡjələli/ ，定期地；有规律地；经常
C 选项：respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/ ，分别地；各自地
D 选项：permanently /ˈpɜːmənəntli/ ，永久地；长期不变地
第 3 题
A 选项：definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/ ，定义；释义；清晰（度）
B 选项：transition /trænˈzɪʃn/ ，过渡；转变；变迁
C 选项：substitution /ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃn/ ，代替；取代；替换
D 选项：combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/ ，结合；组合；联合；混合体
第 4 题
A 选项：classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/ ，将…… 分类；将…… 归类；划分
B 选项：record /ˈrekɔːd/（作动词 ），记录；记载；录制； /rɪˈkɔːd/（作名词 ），记录；记载；唱片
C 选项：describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ ，描述；形容；把…… 称为
D 选项：connect /kəˈnekt/ ，连接；联结；使…… 有联系
第 5 题
A 选项：apart from ，除…… 之外（别无）；除…… 之外（尚有）
B 选项：instead of ，代替；而不是
C 选项：such as ，例如；像
D 选项：along with ，和…… 一起；连同；除…… 以外还
第 6 题
A 选项：construction /kənˈstrʌkʃn/ ，建造；建筑；建筑物
B 选项：restoration /ˌrestəˈreɪʃn/ ，恢复；修复；整修
C 选项：impression /ɪmˈpreʃn/ ，印象；感想；影响
D 选项：evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/ ，评价；评估；估价
第 7 题
A 选项：doubted /ˈdaʊtɪd/ ，怀疑；疑惑（doubt 的过去式和过去分词 ）
B 选项：faced /feɪst/ ，面对；面向；面临（face 的过去式和过去分词 ）
C 选项：accepted /əkˈseptɪd/ ，接受；同意；认可（accept 的过去式和过去分词 ）；公认的
D 选项：reduced /rɪˈdjuːst/ ，减少；缩小；降低（reduce 的过去式和过去分词 ）；简化的
第 8 题
A 选项：assigned /əˈsaɪnd/ ，分配；指派；指定（assign 的过去式和过去分词 ）
B 选项：subjected /səbˈdʒektɪd/ ，使遭受；使经历；使服从（subject 作动词时的过去式和过去分词 ）
C 选项：accustomed /əˈkʌstəmd/ ，使习惯；使适应（accustom 的过去式和过去分词 ）；习惯的；惯常的
D 选项：opposed /əˈpəʊzd/ ，反对；抵制；阻挠（oppose 的过去式和过去分词 ）；相反的；相对的
第 9 题
A 选项：so that ，以便；为了；结果是；以至于
B 选项：even if ，即使；虽然
C 选项：now that ，既然；由于
D 选项：in case ，以防；万一；假使
第 10 题
A 选项：talking /ˈtɔːkɪŋ/ ，说话；交谈；讨论（talk 的现在分词 ）；谈话的；讲话的
B 选项：starting /ˈstɑːtɪŋ/ ，开始；启动；出发（start 的现在分词 ）；起始的；开端的
C 选项：breaking /ˈbreɪkɪŋ/ ，打破；打碎；折断（break 的现在分词 ）；突发的；突破性的
D 选项：meeting /ˈmiːtɪŋ/ ，相遇；相逢；遇见（meet 的现在分词 ）；会议；集会；会面
第 11 题
A 选项：By the way ，顺便说；附带说一句
B 选项：On occasion ，有时；间或
C 选项：In comparison ，相比之下；与…… 相比较
D 选项：As a result ，因此；结果
第 12 题
A 选项：heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ ，遗产；传统；继承物
B 选项：revival /rɪˈvaɪvl/ ，复兴；复苏；复活
C 选项：exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ ，交换；交流；互换
D 选项：status /ˈsteɪtəs/ ，地位；身份；情形；状态
第 13 题
A 选项：with regard to ，关于；至于
B 选项：in spite of ，尽管；虽然
C 选项：as well as ，除…… 之外（也）；和；还
D 选项：in line with ，与…… 一致；与…… 相符
第 14 题
A 选项：completing /kəmˈpliːtɪŋ/ ，完成；结束；使完整（complete 的现在分词 ）
B 选项：influencing /ˈɪnfluənsɪŋ/ ，影响；对…… 起作用（influence 的现在分词 ）
C 选项：resuming /rɪˈzjuːmɪŋ/ ，重新开始；继续；恢复（resume 的现在分词 ）
D 选项：pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/ ，开创；倡导；做先锋（pioneer 的现在分词 ）；开拓性的；创新的
第 15 题
A 选项：aided /eɪdɪd/ ，帮助；协助；援助（aid 的过去式和过去分词 ）
B 选项：invested /ɪnˈvestɪd/ ，投资；投入（时间、精力等 ）；授予（invest 的过去式和过去分词 ）
C 选项：failed /feɪld/ ，失败；未能（做到）；不及格（fail 的过去式和过去分词 ）；失败的；不能运转的
D 选项：competed /kəmˈpiːtɪd/ ，竞争；对抗；参加比赛（compete 的过去式和过去分词 ）
第 16 题
A 选项：Rather ，相当；颇；宁愿；而不是
B 选项：Indeed ，的确；确实；甚至；实际上
C 选项：Otherwise ，否则；不然；除此之外；在其他方面
D 选项：However ，然而；可是；无论如何
第 17 题
A 选项：go in for ，爱好；从事；参与
B 选项：stand up for ，支持；维护；捍卫
C 选项：close in on ，逼近；包围；围拢
D 选项：stock up on ，大量购买；储备
第 18 题
A 选项：believed /bɪˈliːvd/ ，相信；认为真实；把…… 看作（believe 的过去式和过去分词 ）
B 选项：predicted /prɪˈdɪktɪd/ ，预言；预告；预测（predict 的过去式和过去分词 ）
C 选项：recalled /rɪˈkɔːld/ ，记起；回忆起；回想起（recall 的过去式和过去分词 ）；召回
D 选项：implied /ɪmˈplaɪd/ ，暗示；暗指；说明；表明（imply 的过去式和过去分词 ）；含蓄的；暗指的
第 19 题
A 选项：until ，直到…… 为止；在…… 以前；直到
B 选项：because ，因为；由于
C 选项：unless ，除非；如果不
D 选项：although ，虽然；尽管；即使；不过
第 20 题
A 选项：ruins /ˈruːɪnz/ ，废墟；毁坏；破产；崩溃
B 选项：debt /det/ ，债务；欠款；恩情
C 选项：fashion /ˈfæʃn/ ，时尚；时装；流行款式
D 选项：series /ˈsɪəriːz/ ，一系列；连续；连载
解析
英语知识运用
1.C：这里需要一个表示位置的词，“located” 意为 “位于” ，符合语境，即商队旅馆通常位于城市或村庄墙外。“displayed” 展示；“occupied” 占用；“equipped” 装备，均不符合。
2.A：与 “by governments” 相对应，这里应是 “privately” （私人地），表示资金由政府或私人提供。“regularly” 定期地；“respectively” 分别地；“permanently” 永久地，不合适。
3.D：“Caravanserais” 是由两个波斯词组合而成，“combination” （组合）正确。“definition” 定义；“transition” 过渡；“substitution” 替代，不符。
4.C：“describe” （描述）符合语境，即 “caravan” 这个词用来描述结伴而行的人群。“classify” 分类；“record” 记录；“connect” 连接，不合适。
5.C：“such as” （例如）用于举例说明结伴而行的人群包括商人、旅行者或朝圣者。“apart from” 除了；“instead of” 而不是；“along with” 和…… 一起，不符。
6.A：随着商路发展，商队旅馆的 “construction” （建造）数量增加。“restoration” 修复；“impression” 印象；“evaluation” 评估，不符。
7.B：旅行者 “faced” （面临）被袭击和遭遇极端天气的可能性。“doubted” 怀疑；“accepted” 接受；“reduced” 减少，不符。
8.B：“be subjected to” （遭受）符合 “遭受极端天气” 的表达。“assigned” 分配；“accustomed” 习惯；“opposed” 反对，不符。
9.A：“so that” （以便）引导目的状语从句，说明选址的目的是一天能到达。“even if” 即使；“now that” 既然；“in case” 万一，不符。
10.D：商队旅馆是旅行者的非正式 “meeting” （会面）点。“talking” 谈话；“starting” 开始；“breaking” 打破，不符。
11.D：“As a result” （因此）表示因果关系，说明商队旅馆成为文化交流中心是前面情况的结果。“By the way” 顺便说；“On occasion” 有时；“In comparison” 相比之下，不符。
12.C：文化 “exchange” （交流）与 “interaction” 并列，符合语境。“heritage” 遗产；“revival” 复兴；“status” 地位，不符。
13.C：“as well as” （也，和）连接并列内容，即旅行者分享文化等，也传播知识。“with regard to” 关于；“in spite of” 尽管；“in line with” 与…… 一致，不符。
14.B：旅行者的行为 “influencing” （影响）了文明发展。“completing” 完成；“resuming” 恢复；“pioneering” 开创，不符。
15.A：商队旅馆 “aided” （有助于）货物贸易。“invested” 投资；“failed” 失败；“competed” 竞争，不符。
16.B：“Indeed” （事实上）用于强调进一步的事实，即商队旅馆是商人的第一站。“Rather” 相当；“Otherwise” 否则；“However” 然而，不符。
17.D：“stock up on” （储备）符合商人储备旅途物资的语境。“go in for” 从事；“stand up for” 支持；“close in on” 逼近，不符。
18.A：“It is believed that...” （人们认为……）是固定表达。“predicted” 预测；“recalled” 回忆；“implied” 暗示，不符。
19.D：“although” （尽管）引导让步状语从句，说明尽管曾建造很多，但如今仅存一些。“until” 直到；“because” 因为；“unless” 除非，不符。
20.A：“in ruins” （破败不堪）表示许多商队旅馆如今的状态。“in debt” 负债；“in fashion” 流行；“in series” 连续，不符。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
Caravanserais：商队旅馆
funded：v. 提供资金（fund 的过去式和过去分词 ）
Persian：adj. 波斯的；n. 波斯人；波斯语
pilgrims：n. 朝圣者（pilgrim 的复数 ）
mitigation：n. 减轻；缓和
partisan：adj. 党派的；偏袒的
benchmark：n. 基准；参照标准
decentralises：v. （使）权力分散；（使）分权（decentralise 的第三人称单数 ）
slant：v. 使倾斜；有倾向性地陈述；n. 倾斜；倾向
重难点语法
定语从句：文中多处出现，如 “Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East.” ，“that were built...” 修饰 “roadside inns” ，解题时要准确理解先行词和从句关系，帮助把握句子含义。
宾语从句：“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members...” ，“What millions of Texas kids learn...” 作主语从句，理解这类从句对于把握文章观点和信息传递很关键。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.
Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre - teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.
Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non - profit group that monitors public education. “What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship.”
Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non - profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.
Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state - level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.
Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.
Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think - tanks and energy industry associations.
21.In Paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to ______.
A. forecast a policy shift in Texas schools
B. stress the consequences of climate change
C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting
D. draw the public’s attention to energy shortages22.What does Quinn think of Hardy?
A. She exaggerates the existing panic.
B. She denies the value of scientific work.
C. She shows no concern for pre-teens.
D. She expresses self-contradictory views.23.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 shows that ______.
A. climate education is insufficient at state public schools
B. policymakers have little drive for science education
C. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks
D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision24.According to Branch, state - level science standards in the US ______.
A. call for regular revision
B. require urgent application
C. have limited influence
D. cater to local needs25.It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools ______.
A. agrees to major public demands
B. reflects teachers’ personal biases
C. may misrepresent the energy sector
D. can be swayed by external forces
21.在第一段中提到德克萨斯州的天气是为了______。
A. 预测德克萨斯州学校的政策转变
B. 强调气候变化的后果
C. 表明委员会会议的气氛
D. 引起公众对能源短缺的关注22.奎因对哈迪的看法是什么？
A. 她夸大了现有的恐慌。
B. 她否认科学工作的价值。
C. 她对青少年毫不关心。
D. 她表达了自相矛盾的观点。23.第五段中提到的研究表明______。
A. 州立公立学校的气候教育不足
B. 政策制定者对科学教育缺乏动力
C. 德克萨斯州不愿意重写其科学教科书
D. 一些州的环境教学缺乏监督24.根据布兰奇的说法，美国州级科学标准______。
A. 需要定期修订
B. 需要紧急应用
C. 影响力有限
D. 迎合当地需求25.最后一段暗示一些学校的气候变化教学______。
A. 符合主要公众需求
B. 反映了教师的个人偏见
C. 可能歪曲能源行业
D. 可能会受到外部力量的影响
第二部分 阅读理解
第一篇文章
德克萨斯州近期的酷热天气或许已经降温，但本月在奥斯汀举行的州教育委员会会议气氛将十分热烈，官员们将就气候变化在德克萨斯州学校的教学方式展开辩论。
帕特・哈迪（Pat Hardy）同情能源行业的观点，他反对针对青少年学生的科学课程标准的拟议修改。这些修改将强调人类活动在近期气候变化中的首要作用，并鼓励对缓解措施进行讨论。
大多数科学家和专家强烈反对哈迪的观点。德克萨斯自由网络（Texas Freedom Network）的高级传播策略师丹・奎因（Dan Quinn）表示：“他们随意地将学者和科学家的专业成果视为又一种错误观点而不予理会。” 德克萨斯自由网络是一个监督公共教育的非营利组织。“数百万德克萨斯州的孩子在公立学校所学的内容，往往是由党派教育委员会成员的政治意识形态决定的，而非事实和可靠的学术研究。”
这样的辩论反映了美国乃至全球范围内的激烈讨论，研究人员、政策制定者、教师和学生都在呼吁更加重视在学校教授气候变化的事实。
由科学家和教师组成的非营利组织国家科学教育中心（National Center for Science Education）去年开展的一项研究，考察了美国各州公立学校在科学课程中如何处理气候变化问题，结果显示，仅有不到一半的州获得了 B+ 或更高的评分。在表现最差的 10 个州中，有一些人口众多的州，包括德克萨斯州，该州被评为最低等级（F），并且由于其教科书在其他地方广泛销售，因而产生了不成比例的影响。
该中心副主任格伦・布兰奇（Glenn Branch）警告称，在一个将决策权下放到地方学校董事会的国家，制定州级科学标准只是一个有限的基准。他说，即使一个州在科学标准方面表现出色，“也不意味着就会按此教学” 。
另一个问题是，虽然气候变化在某些学科和年龄段（如高中的地球与空间科学）中得到了很好的融合，但在针对低龄儿童的课程以及生物和化学等更广泛教授的学科中，它的体现并不充分。在许多社会研究课程中，它也不太突出。
布兰奇指出，即使越来越多的官方指导方针和教科书反映了科学界对气候变化的共识，但向教师分发的非官方教育材料却传达了更有偏见的观点。这些材料包括由自由意志主义智库和能源行业协会赞助的内容。
第 21 题：C
第一段提到德州天气是为了说明州教育委员会会议气氛热烈，就像天气一样 “温度高” ，对应 C 选项 “表明委员会会议的气氛” 。A 选项 “预测德州学校的政策转变” 、B 选项 “强调气候变化的后果” 、D 选项 “引起公众对能源短缺的关注” 均未在文中体现。
第 22 题：根据第三段奎因的话 “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” 可知，他认为哈迪否认了科学工作的价值，B 选项正确。A 选项 “她夸大了现有的恐慌” 、C 选项 “她对青少年漠不关心” 、D 选项 “她表达了自相矛盾的观点” 文中未提及。
第 23 题：第五段研究表明美国各州公立学校在气候变化教育方面表现不佳，不到一半的州获得 B+ 或更高评分，说明气候教育不足，A 选项正确。B 选项 “政策制定者对科学教育缺乏动力” 、C 选项 “德州不愿意重写科学教科书” 、D 选项 “一些州的环境教学缺乏监督” 文章未提及。
第 24 题：根据第六段布兰奇所说 “setting state - level science standards is only one limited benchmark” 可知，美国州级科学标准影响力有限，C 选项正确。A 选项 “需要定期修订” 、B 选项 “需要紧急应用” 、D 选项 “迎合当地需求” 文中未提及。
第 25 题：最后一段指出非官方教育材料向教师传达有偏见的观点，暗示一些学校的气候变化教学可能会受到外部力量影响，D 选项正确。A 选项 “符合主要公众需求” 、B 选项 “反映教师个人偏见” 、C 选项 “可能歪曲能源行业” 与原文不符。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
sympathise：v. 同情；支持；赞同（英式拼写 ，美式为 sympathize ）
mitigation：n. 减轻；缓和；缓解
dispute：v. 争论；辩论；对…… 表示异议；n. 争论；争端；纠纷
dismiss：v. 不予考虑；摒弃；解雇；解散
partisan：adj. 党派的；偏袒的；盲目支持的；n. 坚定的支持者；党羽
benchmark：n. 基准；参照标准；水准点
decentralise：v. （使）权力分散；（使）分权（英式拼写 ，美式为 decentralize ）
integrate：v. （使）合并；成为一体；融入；结合
slant：v. 使倾斜；有倾向性地陈述；歪曲；n. 倾斜；斜面；倾向
重难点语法
定语从句：如 “Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes...” ，“who sympathises with...” 修饰 Pat Hardy ，解题时要明确先行词与从句关系，理解人物特点等信息。
宾语从句：“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by...” ，“What millions of Texas kids learn...” 作主语从句，要理解这类从句在文中传递的观点和信息。
解答题目的技巧
细节题：仔细定位文中相关表述，对比选项与原文细节。如第 22 题，找到奎因对哈迪评价的内容，准确理解后与选项对比。
推理题：依据文章逻辑和已知信息合理推断。像第 25 题，根据最后一段非官方材料的描述，推断学校气候变化教学的情况。
主旨题：梳理文章各段落大意，把握核心话题和作者观点倾向。比如本文核心是气候变化教学争议及问题，相关题目答案应围绕此展开。
Text 2
Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.
In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.
“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.
However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realtor. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.”
Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.
At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.
Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”
26.Which of the following is true of New England?
A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.
B. Its communities are in need of funding.
C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly.
D. Its home prices are under strict control.27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to ______.
A. curb short-term rental speculation
B. ensure the supply of cheap housing
C. punish illegal dealings in housing
D. allow a free short-term rental market28.Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support ______.
A. further investment in local tourism
B. an increase in affordable housing
C. strict management of real estate agents
D. a favorable policy for short-term workers29.What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?
A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.
B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.
C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.
D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30.Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is ______.
A. an irrational decision
B. an unfeasible proposal
C. an unnecessary measure
D. an inadequate solution
26.关于新英格兰地区，以下哪项是正确的？
A. 其住房供应处于非常低的水平。
B. 其社区需要资金。
C. 其租赁空置率正在缓慢上升。
D. 其房价受到严格控制。27.第二段提到的法案旨在______。
A. 抑制短期租赁投机行为
B. 确保廉价住房的供应
C. 惩罚住房非法交易
D. 允许自由的短期租赁市场28.与卡斯尔相比，泰勒更可能支持______。
A. 对当地旅游业的进一步投资
B. 增加经济适用房供应
C. 对房地产经纪人的严格管理
D. 对短期工人的优惠政策29.霍恩在第五段强调了什么？
A. 升级短期租赁设施的紧迫性。
B. 当地住房市场的高效运作。
C. 阻止开发商逃税的必要性。
D. 出租闲置房屋的正确程序。30.霍恩认为实施登记要求是______。
A. 一个不合理的决定
B. 一个不可行的提议
C. 一项不必要的措施
D. 一个不充分的解决方案
文章翻译
自 21 世纪 10 年代爱彼迎（Airbnb）等短租平台兴起以来，新英格兰地区的各个社区一直在试图对短期租赁进行监管。如今，由于房价创历史新高，库存处于历史低位，这种监管的紧迫性日益增加，尤其是那些担心开发商会涌入并大量购买房屋，以便在短期租赁市场上转手获利的人。
在新罕布什尔州，房屋租赁空置率已降至 1% 以下，住房倡导者担心不受限制的短期租赁会给本已紧张的市场带来更大压力。该州立法机构最近否决了一项法案，该法案原本会使城镇制定限制短期租赁的立法合法化。
“我们在租赁住房供应方面已处于危机水平，” 大海岸劳动力住房联盟的执行主任尼克・泰勒（Nick Taylor）说。泰勒表示，由于新罕布什尔州南部城镇缺乏足够的经济适用房，“雇主很难吸引员工，而工人也很难找到住处” 。
然而，当地房地产经纪人协会首席执行官瑞安・卡斯尔（Ryan Castle）指出，短期租赁也为游客提供了住宿。“很多工人为旅游业提供服务，而旅游业也由这些短期来的人提供服务，” 卡斯尔说，“所以这是一种循环效应。”
经济适用房政策专家凯伦・霍恩（Keren Horn）表示，短期租赁本身并不是问题的关键。“我认为个人能够出租他们的第二套住房是件好事。如果那反正就是他们的度假屋，而且闲置着，为什么不能利用它赚钱呢？” 霍恩说。然而，当开发商试图创建大规模的短期租赁设施（实际上就是酒店）以逃避税收和监管时，问题就出现了。“我认为问题在于，一个实际上在建造酒店却将其伪装成非酒店的开发商，难道不应该像酒店一样受到监管、征税吗？” 霍恩说。
2018 年底，马萨诸塞州州长查理・贝克（Charlie Baker）签署了一项法案，以控制那些潜在的购房投资者。该法案要求每个出租房东向州政府登记，强制他们购买保险，并在新的州税基础上，地方也有可能征税。波士顿甚至更进一步，要求租房者向该市检查服务部门登记。
霍恩表示，类似的登记要求可能会让陷入困境的城镇受益，但 “如果我们想改变住房市场，最主要的是我们必须建造更多的房屋。”
解析
文章主旨：文章围绕新英格兰地区短期租赁监管问题展开，介绍了当地住房市场现状，不同人对短期租赁的看法，以及相关的政策措施等。
题目解析
第 26 题：根据第一段 “with record-high home prices and historically low inventory” 可知，新英格兰地区住房供应处于很低水平，A 选项正确。B 选项 “其社区需要资金” 文中未提及；C 选项 “其租赁空置率正在缓慢上升” 与文中租赁空置率下降不符；D 选项 “其房价受到严格控制” 文中未体现。
第 27 题：第二段提到法案否决了使城镇限制短期租赁合法化的内容，结合第一段人们担心开发商在短期租赁市场投机，可知法案是为了抑制短期租赁投机行为，A 选项正确。B 选项 “确保廉价住房的供应” 、C 选项 “惩罚住房非法交易” 、D 选项 “允许自由的短期租赁市场” 均不符合文意。
第 28 题：泰勒强调租赁住房供应危机，雇主和工人面临住房问题，而卡斯尔强调短期租赁对旅游业的循环效应，相比之下，泰勒更可能支持增加经济适用房供应，B 选项正确。A 选项 “对当地旅游业的进一步投资” 、C 选项 “对房地产经纪人的严格管理” 、D 选项 “对短期工人的优惠政策” 不符合泰勒观点。
第 29 题：第五段霍恩指出开发商创建大规模短期租赁设施逃避税收和监管的问题，强调阻止开发商逃税的必要性，C 选项正确。A 选项 “升级短期租赁设施的紧迫性” 、B 选项 “当地住房市场的高效运作” 、D 选项 “出租闲置房屋的正确程序” 不是霍恩强调的内容。
第 30 题：根据最后一段霍恩所说 “similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but... the main one is we have to build a lot more” 可知，她认为登记要求是不够的解决办法，D 选项正确。A 选项 “不合理的决定” 、B 选项 “不可行的提议” 、C 选项 “不必要的措施” 不符合霍恩观点。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
inventory：n. 存货；库存；清单
swath：n. 大片区域；一长片
flip：v. 快速翻转；（尤指为获利而）倒卖，炒卖（某物 ）
vacancy：n. 空缺；空房；空职；空白
strained：adj. 紧张的；不友善的；心力交瘁的
reign in：控制；约束；抑制
levy：n. 税款；征兵；v. 征收（税款等 ）；强征（兵役等 ）
重难点语法
定语从句：“In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent...” ，“where” 引导定语从句修饰 New Hampshire，明确先行词与从句关系有助于理解句子含义。
宾语从句：“... those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.” ，“that” 引导宾语从句作 worry 的宾语，理解此类从句能把握人物担心的具体内容。
解答题目的技巧
细节题：仔细定位原文相关细节，与选项进行精准比对。比如第 26 题，依据文中对新英格兰地区住房市场描述判断选项；第 27 题，根据法案相关内容确定其目的。
推理题：基于文章逻辑和已知信息合理推断。如第 28 题，对比两人观点推断泰勒更支持的举措；第 30 题，根据霍恩的表述推断她对登记要求的看法。
主旨题：梳理文章段落大意，抓住核心主题。本文围绕短期租赁监管，相关题目答案要紧扣该主题，如第 29 题，从霍恩对短期租赁中开发商行为的看法来判断其强调的内容。
Text 3
If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House (PRH), a company currently involved in a stand - off with Waterstones.
The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.
PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”
In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big - name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid - list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser - known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.
It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.
“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”
We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current big publishers' need to be big enough to take on all - comers.
31.The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present ______.
A. an ongoing conflict
B. an intellectual concept
C. a prevailing sentiment
D. a literary phenomenon32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?
A. To make them easily noticeable.
B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.
C. To respond to PRH’s business move.
D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33.What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?
A. Their customers remain loyal.
B. The credit limit will be removed.
C. Their stock is underestimated.
D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?
A. Sales of books by mid - list PRH writers fall off considerably.
B. Lesser - known PRH writers become the target of criticism.
C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big - name authors’ books.
D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.
35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?
A. Small publishers ought to stick together.
B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.
C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.
D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.
31.作者在第一段提到两本书是为了呈现______。
A. 一场正在进行的冲突
B. 一个学术概念
C. 一种普遍情绪
D. 一种文学现象32.为什么水石书店把企鹅兰登书屋的书放回相应区域？
A. 为了让它们更容易被注意到。
B. 为了遵守企鹅兰登书屋的要求。
C. 为了回应企鹅兰登书屋的商业举措。
D. 为了系统地摆放它们。33.水石书店发言人似乎传达了什么信息？
A. 他们的顾客依然忠诚。
B. 信用限额将被取消。
C. 他们的库存被低估了。
D. 图书市场相当萧条。34.当前争端可能产生的一个后果是什么？
A. 企鹅兰登书屋二线作者的书籍销量大幅下降。
B. 不太知名的企鹅兰登书屋作者成为批评对象。
C. 水石书店员工犹豫是否推广知名作家的书。
D. 水石书店分店收入大幅减少。35.以下哪项陈述最能代表朗尼的观点？
A. 小型出版商应该团结起来。
B. 大型出版商将失去主导地位。
C. 出版业正处于困境。
D. 出版商的合并是一个令人担忧的趋势。
文章翻译
如果你前往英国最大的图书零售商水石书店（Waterstones）最近的分店，寻找苏塞克斯公爵夫人的新儿童读物《长椅》（The Bench），你可能得做好四处搜寻的准备；比尔・克林顿（Bill Clinton）和詹姆斯・帕特森（James Patterson）的新惊悚小说《总统的女儿》（The President’s Daughter）可能也是如此。这两本书都将于下周由企鹅兰登书屋（Penguin Random House，简称 PRH）出版，而该公司目前正与水石书店陷入对峙。
问题始于去年年底，当时企鹅兰登书屋证实，它对水石书店设置了 “非常高额度” 的信用限额。行业杂志《书商》（The Bookseller）报道称，水石书店的分店经理们接到通知，要将企鹅兰登书屋的书籍从桌子、展示区和橱窗等显眼位置撤下，并 “悄然将它们放回相应区域” 。
企鹅兰登书屋拒绝对此事发表评论，但水石书店的一位发言人告诉我：“水石书店目前因企鹅兰登书屋缩短信用期限而受到影响，企鹅兰登书屋是英国唯一一家对我们的交易能力设限的出版商。我们并未抵制企鹅兰登书屋的图书，但我们正在竭尽全力确保，尽管库存总量减少，顾客仍能有良好的购书体验。我们希望随着书店重新营业，一切能恢复正常，我们也能被允许进行合理采购。当然，我们的书店非常繁忙。我们 5 月份的月度推荐书销售额超过了 2018 年以来的任何一个月。”
与此同时，企鹅兰登书屋的作者们成了输家。企鹅兰登书屋的大牌作者可能会受到一些影响，但那些二线作者才是最盼着这场争端结束的人，他们通常依赖水石书店员工的热情来推广不太知名作家的作品。
目前，作家们已经在担心企鹅兰登书屋与另一家大型出版商西蒙与舒斯特（Simon & Schuster）拟议合并的后果 —— 英国独立出版商数量的减少可能会导致竞标大战减少、预付稿酬降低，以及出版内容更加趋同。
“这一切都是权力集中和垄断趋势的一部分。文学代理机构不断壮大，以便有影响力与出版商谈判争取更优惠的条款，出版商则进行整合以应对亚马逊，” 朗尼（Lownie）说。“出版业在谈及作者和员工时会强调多样性，但它也需要多种方式来提供知识交流、选择和不同的声音。毕竟，近年来许多最有趣的书籍都来自小型出版商。”
我们将拭目以待，看这种多样性是否会成为当前大型出版商为了强大到足以应对所有竞争而牺牲的对象。
文章主旨：文章讲述了英国企鹅兰登书屋（PRH）与水石书店之间的矛盾，包括矛盾起因、对各方的影响，以及提及出版业合并趋势对行业多样性的潜在威胁等。
题目解析
第 31 题：第一段提到两本书是为了引出企鹅兰登书屋和水石书店之间正在进行的冲突，A 选项 “一场正在进行的冲突” 正确。B 选项 “一个学术概念” 、C 选项 “一种普遍情绪” 、D 选项 “一种文学现象” 不符合文意。
第 32 题：根据第二段，因为企鹅兰登书屋对水石书店设置信用限额，所以水石书店将其书放回相应区域，这是对企鹅兰登书屋商业举措的回应，C 选项正确。A 选项 “为了让它们更容易被注意到” 、B 选项 “为了遵守企鹅兰登书屋的要求” 、D 选项 “为了系统地摆放它们” 均不正确。
第 33 题：水石书店发言人表示尽管库存减少，但会尽力保证顾客能买到书，且书店很繁忙，5 月销售额超 2018 年以来任何一个月，说明顾客依然忠诚，A 选项正确。B 选项 “信用限额将被取消” 、C 选项 “他们的库存被低估” 、D 选项 “图书市场相当萧条” 文中未体现。
第 34 题：根据第四段，争端中企鹅兰登书屋的二线作者是受害者，他们依赖水石书店推广，所以争端会使他们的书销量大幅下降，A 选项正确。B 选项 “不太知名的企鹅兰登书屋作者成为批评对象” 、C 选项 “水石书店员工犹豫是否推广知名作家的书” 、D 选项 “水石书店分店收入大幅减少” 文中未提及。
第 35 题：朗尼指出出版业权力集中和垄断趋势，以及大出版商合并对行业多样性的威胁，认为出版商合并是令人担忧的趋势，D 选项正确。A 选项 “小型出版商应该团结起来” 、B 选项 “大型出版商将失去主导地位” 、C 选项 “出版业正处于困境” 不是朗尼的观点。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
stand - off：n. 僵持；对峙；冷淡
prominent：adj. 重要的；著名的；显眼的；突出的
boycott：v. 抵制；拒绝购买（或参加、使用等 ）；n. 抵制行动
unaligned：adj. 不结盟的；未结盟的；独立的
conformity：n. 遵守；符合；一致；遵照
cartel：n. 卡特尔（同业联盟 ）；垄断联盟；企业联合组织
clout：n. 影响力；权力；v. 猛击；狠打
重难点语法
定语从句：“... those mid - list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser - known writers...” ，“who” 引导非限定性定语从句修饰 mid - list authors，理解此类从句能把握相关人物特点和信息。
宾语从句：“PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones...” ，“that” 引导宾语从句作 confirmed 的宾语，明确从句内容有助于理解事件起因。
解答题目的技巧
细节题：精准定位原文细节内容，与选项进行细致对比。如第 32 题，依据第二段中两者之间商业举措的关联来判断；第 33 题，从水石书店发言人的话语中提取关键信息判断选项。
推理题：基于文章所给信息进行合理推导。像第 34 题，根据争端对企鹅兰登书屋作者的影响相关描述，推理出可能的后果；第 35 题，从朗尼对出版业趋势的阐述中推断其观点。
主旨题：梳理文章脉络，把握核心主题。本文围绕书店和出版商矛盾及出版业问题展开，如第 31 题，从第一段引出的核心矛盾来确定答案方向。
Text 4
Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so - called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
The advent of electronic publishing has led to thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue of a journal may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.
How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.
Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
36.According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ______.
A. how many citations their works contain
B. how many times their papers are cited
C. the prestige of the people they work with
D. the status they have in scientific circles37.The support service consultancies tend to ______.
A. recommend journals to their clients
B. list citation patterns their clients
C. ask authors to include extra citations
D. advise contributors to cite each other38.The function of the “milk cow” journals is to ______.
A. boost citation counts for certain authors
B. help scholars publish articles at low cost
C. instruct first - time contributors in citation
D. increase the readership of new journals39.What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?
A. It fosters competition among citation providers.
B. It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.
C. It hinders the growth of “international” journals.
D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40.What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?
A. Take legal action.
B. Demand an apology.
C. Seek professional advice.
D. Reveal their misconduct.
36.根据第一段，科学家的职业生涯可以由______决定。
A. 他们作品中包含多少引用内容
B. 他们的论文被引用的次数
C. 与他们共事之人的声望
D. 他们在科学界的地位37.支持服务咨询公司往往会______。
A. 向客户推荐期刊
B. 列出客户的引用模式
C. 要求作者增加额外的引用
D. 建议投稿人相互引用38.“奶牛期刊” 的作用是______。
A. 为某些作者增加引用次数
B. 帮助学者低成本发表文章
C. 指导首次投稿者进行引用
D. 增加新期刊的读者数量39.根据最后两段，关于 Scopus 我们可以了解到什么？
A. 它促进了引用提供者之间的竞争。
B. 它有能力识别可疑引用。
C. 它阻碍了 “国际” 期刊的发展。
D. 它的设立是为了防止引用操纵。40.作者应该如何应对引用操纵者？
A. 采取法律行动。
B. 要求道歉。
C. 寻求专业建议。
D. 揭露他们的不当行为。
文章翻译
科学论文是研究进展的记录者。每年研究人员在 3 万多种期刊上发表数百万篇论文。科学界通过多种方式衡量这些论文的质量，包括期刊的感知质量（以期刊的影响因子为体现）以及某一特定论文积累的引用次数。科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉，取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望，但更取决于这些论文所获得的引用次数。
引用卡特尔，即期刊、作者和机构合谋夸大引用数量的现象，长期以来一直存在。2016 年，研究人员开发了一种算法，用于识别可疑的引用模式，包括过度相互引用的作者群体，以及为提高出版物影响因子而频繁相互引用的期刊群体。最近，这种掠夺性行有了另一种表现形式：所谓的支持服务咨询公司，这些公司为个别作者和期刊提供语言及其他编辑支持，有时会建议投稿人在其文章中增加一些引用。
电子出版的出现催生了数千种新期刊。掠夺性期刊也随之诞生。这些期刊可以充当 “奶牛期刊” ，即期刊某一期中的每一篇文章都可能引用某一篇特定论文或一系列论文。在某些情况下，文章内容与引用之间毫无关联。奇怪的是，编辑所在的期刊根本没有从中获利，它只是在为其他期刊提供引用。这种做法能使一篇文章在发表当年就获得超过 150 次引用。
这种引用操纵行为有多阴险呢？举个例子，有个人身兼作者、编辑和顾问数职，他能够利用至少 15 种期刊，为三所大学的五位科学家发表的文章提供引用。在包含大量新 “国际” 期刊的引用数据库 Scopus 中，这个问题十分猖獗。事实上，被列入 Scopus 似乎成了这种引用操纵行为的一个目标标准。
Scopus 本身拥有检测这种不当行为所需的所有数据。危险信号包括文章在发表第一年就获得大量引用。对于希望避开引用卡特尔活动的作者来说：当编辑、审稿人或支持服务方要求你添加不恰当的参考文献时，不要照做，并向期刊报告这一要求。
文章主旨：文章围绕科学论文引用操纵现象展开，介绍了引用对科学家职业的重要性，阐述了引用操纵的多种形式，包括引用卡特尔、支持服务咨询公司的不当引导、“奶牛期刊” 等，还提及引用数据库 Scopus 中的相关问题及应对方法。
题目解析
第 36 题：根据第一段最后一句 “The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on... but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.” 可知，科学家的职业生涯更取决于论文被引用的次数，B 选项正确。A 选项 “他们作品中包含多少引用内容” 、C 选项 “与他们共事之人的声望” 、D 选项 “他们在科学界的地位” 均不符合文意。
第 37 题：由第二段最后一句 “so - called support service consultancies... sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles” 可知，支持服务咨询公司会建议投稿人增加引用，C 选项正确。A 选项 “向客户推荐期刊” 、B 选项 “列出客户的引用模式” 、D 选项 “建议投稿人相互引用” 文中未提及。
第 38 题：从第三段对 “奶牛期刊” 的描述 “These journals can act as milk cows... to increase the impact factors of their publications” 可知，其作用是为某些作者增加引用次数，A 选项正确。B 选项 “帮助学者低成本发表文章” 、C 选项 “指导首次投稿者进行引用” 、D 选项 “增加新期刊的读者数量” 并非其作用。
第 39 题：根据最后一段 “Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.” 可知，Scopus 有能力识别可疑引用，B 选项正确。A 选项 “它促进了引用提供者之间的竞争” 、C 选项 “它阻碍了 ‘国际’ 期刊的发展” 、D 选项 “它的设立是为了防止引用操纵” 文中未体现。
第 40 题：依据最后一段 “when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal” 可知，作者应揭露引用操纵者的不当行为，D 选项正确。A 选项 “采取法律行动” 、B 选项 “要求道歉” 、C 选项 “寻求专业建议” 文中未提及。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
citation：n. 引用；引文；传唤；表彰
prestige：n. 威望；声望；声誉
conspire：v. 密谋；共谋；合谋；共同导致
inflate：v. 使充气；使膨胀；夸大；抬高（物价）
predatory：adj. 掠夺性的；食肉的；以掠夺为生的
malpractice：n. 玩忽职守；渎职；不法行为
rampant：adj. 猖獗的；泛滥的；肆虐的
insidious：adj. 隐伏的；潜伏的；暗中为害的
重难点语法
定语从句：“Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.” 中，“where” 引导非限定性定语从句修饰 “Citation cartels” ，理解此类从句能明确先行词的具体情况。
宾语从句：“The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including... and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates.” 中，“a specific paper accumulates” 是省略了关系词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “the number of citations” 的后置定语，明确从句内容有助于理解对论文质量的衡量方式。
解答题目的技巧
细节题：仔细定位原文中与题目相关的语句，精准匹配选项。如第 36 题，紧扣第一段中关于科学家职业生涯与论文引用关系的表述；第 37 题，依据第二段对支持服务咨询公司行为的描述判断选项。
推理题：基于文章提供的信息进行合理推断。像第 39 题，从最后两段对 Scopus 功能及特点的描述推断其相关属性；第 40 题，根据最后一段作者应对引用操纵的建议得出答案。
主旨题相关：把握文章核心话题是引用操纵，所有题目解答都围绕该核心，如判断各选项是否符合文章中关于引用操纵的各种现象及应对措施等内容。
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A—H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.
B. Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts—and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular—came in the form of vivid photographs.
C. As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,” says Murphy.
D. Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the “collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture, then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment—several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.
E. The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
F. Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.
G. The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. Soon, some locals opposed the designation. Still, the decision was largely accepted—and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images,” says Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.
H. Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.
B 部分
说明：以下段落顺序混乱。对于第 41 - 45 题，请从 A - H 选项中选择，将这些段落重新组织成一篇连贯的文章，并填入相应的方框中。A、E 和 H 段已放置正确。请在答题纸上作答。（10 分）A：去年是著名风景摄影师威廉・亨利・杰克逊（William Henry Jackson）拍摄一系列黄石公园照片的 150 周年纪念。他拍摄了大提顿山脉、老忠实泉和科罗拉多落基山脉等标志性景观的首批照片。杰克逊是在 19 世纪后期，由美国领土地质与地理调查局局长费迪南・V・海登（Ferdinand V. Hayden）组织的一次黄石盆地考察中拍摄这些照片的。考察队成员包括一名气象学家、一名动物学家、一名矿物学家和一名农业统计学家。
B：两个世纪前，对许多美国定居者来说，保护自然而非开发自然的观念还很新颖。公众对土地保护工作的支持 —— 尤其是对黄石地区壮丽景观的认可 —— 的转折点之一，是以生动照片的形式出现的。
C：作为一个在华盛顿有影响力的人物，海登意识到他可以利用这次考察中令人惊叹的视觉资料。他让杰克逊打印出大幅照片，并将这些照片与莫兰（Moran）的画作复制品一起分发给每位国会议员。墨菲（Murphy）说：“这些视觉资料，尤其是那些照片，真正让人们深刻认识到这里的景观必须得到保护。”
D：在整个考察过程中，杰克逊使用 “火棉胶摄影法” 操作多台相机和不同尺寸的感光板，这种方法要求他在感光板上涂抹一种化学混合物，然后进行曝光，并在便携式暗房中冲洗生成的影像。这种原始的技术需要对曝光时间进行合理猜测，而且设备又重又笨拙 —— 需要几个人帮忙搬运。尽管面临这些挑战，杰克逊还是拍摄了几十张引人注目的照片，从他那幅如今著名的老忠实泉壮丽照片，到考察队成员在营地的日常照片。尽管之前考察队的老手们曾详细描述过令人惊叹的沿途风景，但这些生动的照片完全是另一回事。
E：这次考察之旅于 1871 年 6 月 8 日在犹他州奥格登正式开始。在近四个月的时间里，几十个人骑着马进入蒙大拿州，沿着黄石河并环绕黄石湖行进。那年秋天，他们在怀俄明州布里杰堡结束了考察。
F：尽管美洲原住民（以及后来的矿工和皮草捕猎者）早就认识到这片区域的丰富资源，但大多数美国人并不了解。这就是为什么海登的考察队旨在更全面地了解黄石河地区，从它的温泉、瀑布到多样的动植物。除了一群科学家，考察队还包括艺术家：画家托马斯・莫兰（Thomas Moran）和摄影师威廉・亨利・杰克逊负责捕捉这片令人惊叹的自然美景并与世界分享。
G：这项法案广受欢迎，在国会以绝大多数赞成票顺利通过。紧接着，参议院和众议院在 1872 年初通过了保护黄石地区的立法。同年 3 月，尤利西斯・S・格兰特（Ulysses S. Grant）总统签署法案，将黄石地区确立为世界上第一个国家公园。很快，一些当地人反对这一指定。不过，这一决定在很大程度上还是被接受了 —— 杰克逊的照片在保护这片区域的斗争中起到了关键作用。《先知与大亨、护林员与无赖、野牛与熊：国家公园管理局的 100 年》的作者、记者汉森（Hansen）说：“我认为，如果没有那些照片，在那个时间框架内，法律保护不会实现。”
H：也许最重要的是，这些照片提供了纪实证据，后来这些证据被呈递给政府官员。考察结束几周后，海登将考察队的观察结果整理成一份详尽的报告，旨在说服参议员、众议员，以及内政部等政府机构的同事，让他们相信黄石地区应该得到保护。
解析
文章主旨：文章讲述了黄石公园成为国家公园的历程，重点介绍了 19 世纪后期费迪南・V・海登组织的考察队，摄影师威廉・亨利・杰克逊拍摄的照片在推动黄石公园保护立法中起到的关键作用。
段落排序解析
41 题：B 段介绍了两个世纪前保护自然观念的背景，以及生动照片对公众支持土地保护的重要性，引出了下文关于照片和黄石公园保护的内容，所以放在 A 段之前，41 题答案为 B。
42 题：F 段说明了海登考察队的目的以及成员构成（包括摄影师杰克逊），承接 A 段中对考察队的介绍，所以放在 A 段之后，42 题答案为 F。
43 题：D 段详细描述了杰克逊在考察过程中的摄影过程及成果，与 E 段中考察之旅相关，且在 H 段之前，因为 H 段提到照片成为呈递给政府官员的证据，所以 43 题答案为 D。
44 题：C 段讲述了海登利用考察中的视觉资料（照片）分发给国会议员，推动保护工作，承接 H 段中照片与政府官员的联系，所以 44 题答案为 C。
45 题：G 段介绍了保护黄石公园的法案通过情况以及杰克逊照片的关键作用，放在最后总结，所以 45 题答案为 G。
重难点词汇和语法
重难点词汇
renowned：adj. 著名的；有名望的
iconic：adj. 标志性的；图标的；偶像的
expedition：n. 探险；考察；远征；考察队
traverse：v. 横越；穿过；遍历；n. 横越；横断物
flora and fauna：动植物群
entourage：n. 随行人员；陪同人员；周围环境
astounding：adj. 令人震惊的；惊人的
documentary：adj. 纪实的；文件的；文献的；n. 纪录片
stunning：adj. 极有魅力的；绝妙的；令人惊叹的
capitalize on：利用；从…… 中获利
sail through：顺利通过；轻易完成
重难点语法
定语从句：“Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden.” 中，“that was conducted by...” 是修饰 “expedition” 的定语从句，理解此类从句能明确事件发生的背景和相关主体。
宾语从句：“Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service says, ‘I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images.’” 中，“that the legal protection would have happened...” 是宾语从句，作 “believe” 的宾语，把握此类从句能准确理解人物观点。
解答题目的技巧
关注段落首尾句：段落首尾句往往有承上启下的作用，能帮助判断段落之间的逻辑关系。比如 H 段首句 “Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence...” ，提示该段与前文照片的作用相关，可据此寻找合适的上下文段落。
寻找关键词和逻辑连接词：像 “expedition”“photographs”“Yellowstone” 等关键词在各段落频繁出现，可根据这些词的重复出现来梳理段落顺序；还有一些逻辑连接词，如 “in addition to”“while” 等，也能辅助判断段落间的逻辑。例如 F 段中 “In addition to the entourage of scientists...” 表明它在介绍考察队相关情况，与前文有补充关系。
整体把握文章逻辑：先通读所有段落，了解文章大致内容和主题（黄石公园保护与照片的关联），然后按照事件发展顺序、因果关系等逻辑来排列段落。比如先介绍背景（B 段），再引入考察队（A、F 段），接着描述考察过程（E、D 段），之后是照片的利用（C 段）和最终结果（G 段） 。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to ‘speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. (46) AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, music choices, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media. At the same time AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites. AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs.
The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47) Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information. By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. (48) Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no - one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. (49) If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication. Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements, the use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non - intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, including emails, social media posts, pop - up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. (50) The non - intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
Part C 翻译
目前在数字营销领域已经对人工智能的应用进行了一些探索。例如，人工智能可以通过分析大数据来揭示趋势和偏好等信息，从而分析出哪种类型的广告内容或文案适合向特定目标客户群体 “发声” 。（46）人工智能还可以用于识别客户在兴趣爱好、喜爱的名人、音乐选择和时尚方面的生活方式选择，以便在通过社交媒体发布的营销信息中提供独特的内容。同时，人工智能还可用于生成社交媒体帖子和聊天网站的内容。人工智能还可以在品牌与客户进行情感沟通的需求和识别客户快速变化的需求之间架起一座桥梁。
使用人工智能回应客户的主要缺点在于，人们担心将人际互动托付给机器，这不仅可能导致随后人际关系的丧失，还会造成营销人员的减少。（47）一些人认为，人工智能通过降低创造力和减少工作岗位对营销人员的角色产生了负面影响，但他们也意识到这是一种降低成本和创造新信息的方式。让人工智能生成内容，一些品牌营销人员可能会发现他们正在失去对品牌叙事的控制权。（48）用于模拟人际互动的算法引发了许多此类担忧，尤其是因为没人能确切知道使用人工智能与客户互动会产生什么结果。
要使人工智能取得成功，数据必须是可获取的，但个人数据的使用受到越来越多的监管，数据的自动共享也变得越来越困难。（49）如果客户不愿意分享数据，人工智能将缺乏关键信息，无法有效运行，也无法利用机器学习来改进其营销内容和沟通方式。因此，除非客户愿意签署数据授权协议，否则未来人工智能的使用可能会受到一定限制。人工智能不仅可以帮助创建营销内容，还可以提供一种不干扰客户的方式将内容传递给目标客户。可以收集客户参与情况的数据，例如位置、使用的设备、网站互动情况和访问的网站，以便以适当的形式（包括电子邮件、社交媒体帖子、弹出广告和横幅广告）和频率展示营销信息。（50）以一种关注目标客户需求的、不干扰客户的方式传递营销信息，是数字营销人员面临的关键挑战之一。
翻译部分解析
第 46 题：句子结构上，“to identify...” 是目的状语，“regarding...” 是后置定语修饰 “lifestyle choices” ，“put out through social media” 是后置定语修饰 “marketing messages” 。翻译时注意语序调整，将后置定语提前。
第 47 题：“that AI is negatively impacting...” 是宾语从句，作 “believe” 的宾语；“by reducing... and removing...” 是方式状语。翻译时注意 “negatively impacting on” （对…… 产生负面影响）、“remove jobs” （减少工作岗位）等短语的准确翻译。
第 48 题：“that are used to simulate human interactions” 是定语从句修饰 “Algorithms” ，“as no - one is quite sure...” 是原因状语从句。翻译时注意定语从句的处理，可灵活译为前置定语。
第 49 题：“If customers are not willing to share data” 是条件状语从句，“starved of” 意思是 “缺乏” 。翻译时注意条件关系的准确表达。
第 50 题：句子主语是 “The non - intrusive delivery” ，“in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer” 是方式状语，其中 “that is sensitive to...” 是定语从句修饰 “way” 。翻译时注意长定语的处理。
重难点词汇
digital marketing：数字营销
copy：（广告）文案
narrative：叙事；叙述
intrusive：侵入性的；打扰的
sensitive：敏感的；体贴的；易受影响的
starve of：缺乏；急需
release agreement：授权协议
pop - up advertisement：弹出广告
重难点语法
宾语从句：文中多处出现，如 “Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on...” ，掌握宾语从句的引导词使用和语序（陈述句语序）很关键。
定语从句：像 “Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions...” ，要明确关系词（that）在从句中的成分和先行词，翻译时根据情况灵活处理。
状语从句：包括条件状语从句（如 “If customers are not willing to share data...” ）、原因状语从句（如 “as no - one is quite sure...” ）等，理解其逻辑关系对准确翻译很重要。
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
A 部分
51. 说明：
为史密斯教授关于校园体育活动的研究项目撰写一则招聘学生的通知。明确该工作的职责和要求。
在答题纸上撰写约 100 词。
通知中请勿使用自己的名字，用 “李明” 代替。（10 分）
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1）describe the picture briefly,
2）interpret the implied meaning, and
3）give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
B 部分
52. 说明：
根据下面的图片写一篇 160 - 200 词的作文。在作文中，你应该1）简要描述图片，
2）阐释其隐含意义，
3）发表你的评论。
请在答题纸上书写工整。（20 分）
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