OpenGL 入门 8：摄像机

一、摄像机四要素

1. 摄像机位置

摄像机位置简单来说就是世界空间中一个指向摄像机位置的向量。

glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);

2.摄像机方向

由于规定了摄像机观察方向为-Z轴，因为方向向量(Direction Vector)为+Z轴。因此摄像机的位置减观察位置，即可算出方向向量。

glm::vec3 cameraTarget = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraDirection = glm::normalize(cameraPos - cameraTarget);

3. 右轴

右轴即为右向量(Right Vector)，它代表摄像机空间的x轴的正方向。为了得到右向量，首先定义了一个上向量(Up Vector)。叉乘摄像机方向与上向量，得到垂直与两轴的右向量。叉乘顺序由右手定则得到。

定义了 上向量(Up Vector)，其实就相当于默认上轴、上向量与摄像机方向处于同一平面。在欧拉角中，相当于没有roll操作。

glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); 
glm::vec3 cameraRight = glm::normalize(glm::cross(up, cameraDirection));

4. 上轴

现在我们已经有了x轴向量和z轴向量，获取一个指向摄像机的正y轴向量就相对简单了：我们把右向量和方向向量进行叉乘：

glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::cross(cameraDirection, cameraRight);

二、Look At

现在我们已有了摄像机的位置，三个轴向量。为了得到观测变换矩阵，其实使用一种逆向思维的方式：我们可以把摄像机的平移到世界原点，并将其坐标轴旋转至与世界空间的坐标轴重合。此方法得到的变换矩阵，同时应用到世界空间上的其他物体上，即可得到等同于观测变换的效果。

幸运的是，GLM已经提供了这些支持。我们要做的只是定义一个摄像机位置，一个目标位置和一个表示世界空间中的上向量的向量（我们计算右向量使用的那个上向量）。接着GLM就会创建一个LookAt矩阵，我们可以把它当作我们的观察矩阵：

glm::mat4 view;
view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f), 
           glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), 
           glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));

glm::LookAt函数需要一个位置、目标和上向量。它会创建一个和在上一节使用的一样的观察矩阵。

自己实现lookat矩阵,需要注意GLM中的矩阵是列优先的。

// Custom implementation of the LookAt function
glm::mat4 calculate_lookAt_matrix(glm::vec3 position, glm::vec3 target, glm::vec3 worldUp)
{
    // 1. Position = known
    // 2. Calculate cameraDirection
    glm::vec3 zaxis = glm::normalize(position - target);
    // 3. Get positive right axis vector
    glm::vec3 xaxis = glm::normalize(glm::cross(glm::normalize(worldUp), zaxis));
    // 4. Calculate camera up vector
    glm::vec3 yaxis = glm::cross(zaxis, xaxis);

    // Create translation and rotation matrix
    // In glm we access elements as mat[col][row] due to column-major layout
    glm::mat4 translation = glm::mat4(1.0f); // Identity matrix by default
    translation[3][0] = -position.x; // Third column, first row
    translation[3][1] = -position.y;
    translation[3][2] = -position.z;
    glm::mat4 rotation = glm::mat4(1.0f);
    rotation[0][0] = xaxis.x; // First column, first row
    rotation[1][0] = xaxis.y;
    rotation[2][0] = xaxis.z;
    rotation[0][1] = yaxis.x; // First column, second row
    rotation[1][1] = yaxis.y;
    rotation[2][1] = yaxis.z;
    rotation[0][2] = zaxis.x; // First column, third row
    rotation[1][2] = zaxis.y;
    rotation[2][2] = zaxis.z; 

    // Return lookAt matrix as combination of translation and rotation matrix
    return rotation * translation; // Remember to read from right to left (first translation then rotation)
}


// Don't forget to replace glm::lookAt with your own version
// view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(camX, 0.0f, camZ), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
view = calculate_lookAt_matrix(glm::vec3(camX, 0.0f, camZ), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));

三、摄像机类

该摄像机系统是一个FPS风格的摄像机，它能够满足大多数情况需要，而且与欧拉角兼容，但是在创建不同的摄像机系统，比如飞行模拟摄像机，时就要当心。每个摄像机系统都有自己的优点和不足，所以确保对它们进行了详细研究。比如，这个FPS摄像机不允许俯仰角大于90度，而且我们使用了一个固定的上向量(0, 1, 0)，这在需要考虑滚转角的时候就不能用了。

#ifndef CAMERA_H
#define CAMERA_H

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <vector>

// Defines several possible options for camera movement. Used as abstraction to stay away from window-system specific input methods
enum Camera_Movement {
    FORWARD,
    BACKWARD,
    LEFT,
    RIGHT
};

// Default camera values
const float YAW         = -90.0f;
const float PITCH       =  0.0f;
const float SPEED       =  2.5f;
const float SENSITIVITY =  0.1f;
const float ZOOM        =  45.0f;


// An abstract camera class that processes input and calculates the corresponding Euler Angles, Vectors and Matrices for use in OpenGL
class Camera
{
public:
    // camera Attributes
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Front;
    glm::vec3 Up;
    glm::vec3 Right;
    glm::vec3 WorldUp;
    // euler Angles
    float Yaw;
    float Pitch;
    // camera options
    float MovementSpeed;
    float MouseSensitivity;
    float Zoom;

    // constructor with vectors
    Camera(glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), float yaw = YAW, float pitch = PITCH) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = position;
        WorldUp = up;
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }
    // constructor with scalar values
    Camera(float posX, float posY, float posZ, float upX, float upY, float upZ, float yaw, float pitch) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = glm::vec3(posX, posY, posZ);
        WorldUp = glm::vec3(upX, upY, upZ);
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // returns the view matrix calculated using Euler Angles and the LookAt Matrix
    glm::mat4 GetViewMatrix()
    {
        return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);
    }

    // processes input received from any keyboard-like input system. Accepts input parameter in the form of camera defined ENUM (to abstract it from windowing systems)
    void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime)
    {
        float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;
        if (direction == FORWARD)
            Position += Front * velocity;
        if (direction == BACKWARD)
            Position -= Front * velocity;
        if (direction == LEFT)
            Position -= Right * velocity;
        if (direction == RIGHT)
            Position += Right * velocity;
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse input system. Expects the offset value in both the x and y direction.
    void ProcessMouseMovement(float xoffset, float yoffset, GLboolean constrainPitch = true)
    {
        xoffset *= MouseSensitivity;
        yoffset *= MouseSensitivity;

        Yaw   += xoffset;
        Pitch += yoffset;

        // make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn't get flipped
        if (constrainPitch)
        {
            if (Pitch > 89.0f)
                Pitch = 89.0f;
            if (Pitch < -89.0f)
                Pitch = -89.0f;
        }

        // update Front, Right and Up Vectors using the updated Euler angles
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse scroll-wheel event. Only requires input on the vertical wheel-axis
    void ProcessMouseScroll(float yoffset)
    {
        Zoom -= (float)yoffset;
        if (Zoom < 1.0f)
            Zoom = 1.0f;
        if (Zoom > 45.0f)
            Zoom = 45.0f;
    }

private:
    // calculates the front vector from the Camera's (updated) Euler Angles
    void updateCameraVectors()
    {
        // calculate the new Front vector
        glm::vec3 front;
        front.x = cos(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.y = sin(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.z = sin(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        Front = glm::normalize(front);
        // also re-calculate the Right and Up vector
        Right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Front, WorldUp));  // normalize the vectors, because their length gets closer to 0 the more you look up or down which results in slower movement.
        Up    = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Right, Front));
    }
};
#endif