网络编程
概述
- 计算机网络:
把分布在不同地理区域的计算机与专门的外部设备用通信线路互连成一个规模大、功能强的网格系统,从而使众多的计算机可以方便地互相传递信息、共享硬件、软件、数据信息等资源。 - 网络编程的目的:
直接或间接地通过网络协议与其他计算机实现数据交换,进行通讯。 - 网络编程中的两个主要问题:
- 如何准确地定位网络上的一台或多台主机;定位主机上的特定应用
- 找到主机后如何可靠高效地进行数据传输
网络通信要素概述
网络编程中的两个要素
-
IP和端口号(对应问题一 )
-
提供网络通信协议:TCP/IP参考模型(应用层、传输层、网络层、物理+数据链路层)(对应问题二)
通信要素1:IP和端口号
-
IP:唯一的标识Internet上的计算机(通信实体)
-
在Java中使用InetAddress类代表IP
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IP分类:IPv4 和 IPv6 ; 万维网和局域网
-
域名:www.baidu.com / www.bilibili.com
-
本地回路地址:127.0.0.1
-
如何实例化InetAddress:两个方法:getByName(String host)、getLocalHost() 两个常用方法:getHostName()/getHostAddress()
-
端口号:正在计算机上运行的进程; 要求:不同的进程有不同的端口号
范围:被规定为一个16位的整数:0~65535
-
端口号与IP地址的组合得出一个网络套接字:Socket
public class InetAddressTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
try {
InetAddress inet1 = InetAddress.getByName("192.168.0.1");
System.out.println(inet1);
InetAddress inet2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.bilibili.com");
System.out.println(inet2);
InetAddress inet3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inet3);
//获取本地IP
InetAddress localHost = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(localHost);
//getHostName()
System.out.println(inet2.getHostName());
//getHostAddress()
System.out.println(inet2.getHostAddress());
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
通信要素2:网络协议
TCP网络编程
例题1:客户端发送一个数据给服务端,服务端将数据显示在控制台上
public class TCPTest1 {
//客户端
@Test
public void client() {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1.创建Socket对象,指明服务器端的IP和端口号
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName("192.168.1.4");
socket = new Socket(inet,8899);
//2.获取一个输出流,用于输出数据
os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.写出数据的操作
os.write("你好,我是客户端!".getBytes());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//关闭数据
try {
if (os!=null)
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (socket!=null)
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//服务端
@Test
public void server(){
ServerSocket ss = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.创建服务器端的ServerSocket,指明自己的端口号
ss = new ServerSocket(8899);
//2.调用accept()方法,表明可以接受来自客户端的socket
socket = ss.accept();
//3.获取输入流
is = socket.getInputStream();
//不建议这样写,可能会有乱码
// byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// int len;
// while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
// String str = new String(buffer,0,len);
// System.out.print(str);
// }
//4.读取输入流中的数据
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[5];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
System.out.println("收到了来自于:"+socket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress()+"的数据");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//5.资源关闭
try {
if (baos!=null){
baos.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (is!=null){
is.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (socket!=null){
socket.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (ss!=null){
ss.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
例题2:客户端发送文件给服务端,服务端将文件保存在本地
public class TCPTest2 {
/*
这里涉及到的异常应该使用try-catch-finally
*/
@Test
public void client() throws Exception{
//1.
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9090);
//2.
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("xxx.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//4.
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
@Test
public void server() throws Exception{
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(9090);
Socket socket = ss.accept();
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("xxx1.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
fos.close();
is.close();
ss.close();
}
}
例题3:从客户端发送文件给服务端,服务端保存到本地,返回发送成功的消息给服务端,并关闭相应连接。
public class TCPTest3 {
@Test
public void client() throws Exception{
//1.
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9090);
//2.
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("xxx.jpg"));
//4.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//关闭数据的输出
socket.shutdownOutput();
//5.接收来自服务端的数据,并展示在控制台上
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
buffer = new byte[5];
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//6.
baos.close();
is.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
@Test
public void server() throws Exception{
//1.
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(9090);
//2.
Socket socket = ss.accept();
//3.
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("xxx2.jpg"));
//5.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println("图片传输完成");
//6.服务端给客户端反馈
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,消息已收到。".getBytes());
//7.
os.close();
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
ss.close();
}
}
UDP网络编程
UDP协议相比TCP协议,没有“三次握手”和“四次挥手”的操作,所以是不可靠的,但速度也是更快的。
public class UDPTest {
//发送端
@Test
public void sender() throws Exception{
//创建数据报对象
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
String str = "我是UDP方式发送的导弹";
byte[] data = str.getBytes();
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
//封装数据包,包括发送内容和发送对象
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data,0,data.length,inet,9090);
socket.send(packet);
socket.close();
}
//接收端
@Test
public void receiver() throws Exception{
//创建数据报对象,指明端口号
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
//封装数据包,只需要写接受的内容
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet);
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
socket.close();
}
}
URL编程
-
URL:统一资源定位符,对应着互联网的某一资源地址
-
格式:
http://localhost:8080/xxxx/xxxx?key1=value1&key2=value2
协议 主机名 端口号 资源地址 参数列表
public class URLTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/xxxx/xxxx?key1=value1&key2=value2");
//协议名
System.out.println(url.getProtocol());
//主机名
System.out.println(url.getHost());
//端口号
System.out.println(url.getPort());
//文件路径
System.out.println(url.getPath());
//文件名
System.out.println(url.getFile());
//查询名
System.out.println(url.getQuery());
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
实现Tomcat服务端数据下载
public class URLTest1 {
public static void main(String[] args){
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;
InputStream is = null;
FileOutputStream fos = null;
try {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/xxxx/xxxx");
urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
urlConnection.connect();
is = urlConnection.getInputStream();
fos = new FileOutputStream("xxxx.jpg");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println("下载完成");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//关闭资源
try {
if (is!=null)
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (fos!=null)
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (urlConnection!=null)
urlConnection.disconnect();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}