Questions in French grammar1
0. What is une phrase interrogative
?
Interrogative clauses (une phrase interrogative
) are questions. In French, there are three types of questions:
- intonation questions
- questions with
est-ce que
- questions with inverted word order
We also differentiate between yes-no questions (l’interrogation totale) and question-word questions (l’interrogation partielle [parsjεl]).
Exercise
- Bonjour Julie! Comment vas-tu ?
- Bien, merci! Je vais au cinéma.
- Qu’est-ce que tu vas voir ?
- Un film d’action. Tu aimes aller au cinéma ?
- Beaucoup ! Est-ce que je peux venir avec toi ?
- Si tu veux. Veux-tu acheter du pop-corn ?
1. Intonation Questions
The simplest kind of question is an intonation question. The word order doesn’t change — we keep the subject – verb – object order the same as in a declarative sentence. The only difference is the rising intonation, which shows that it’s a question.
Example: Tu aimes aller au cinéma. → Tu aimes aller au cinéma ?
2. Questions with est-ce que
Questions with est-ce que
are mostly used in spoken language. After est-ce que
, the sentence keeps its regular form (subject – verb – object). These kinds of questions can be constructed with or without question words.
2.1 Without a question word
Example: Est-ce que je peux venir avec toi ?
2.2 With a question word
Preposition | Question Word | est-ce que | Subject | Verb | Additional Information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Où | est-ce que | tu | vas ? | ||
De | quoi | est-ce que | le film | parle ? | |
Avec | qui | est-ce que | tu | vas | au cinéma ? |
Comment | est-ce que | vous | trouvez | le film ? |
When the question is asking about the subject of the sentence (using qui or que), we have to add est-ce qui instead of est-ce que.
3. Questions with inverted word order
3.1 Yes-No Questions
Questions without question-words are those we can answer with yes or no. This is known as l’interrogation totale in French.
-
The subject pronoun and the conjugated verb switch positions and are connected using a hyphen. All other parts of the sentence (object, time, place, etc.) remain in the same position as in a declarative sentence.
Example: Tu veux acheter du pop-corn.
→ Veux-tu acheter du pop-corn ? Do you want to buy popcorn? -
If the subject is a noun, it comes before the verb in the main clause. The accompanying subject pronoun comes after the verb.
Example:
Vont-ils au cinéma ? Are they going to the cinema?
→ Les enfants vont-ils au cinéma ? Are the children going to the cinema? -
If the conjugated verb ends with a vowel and the subject begins with a vowel, we put a t in between.
Example:
Viendra-t-elle avec nous ? Will she come with us?
Éric aime-t-il les films romantiques ? Does Eric like romantic films?
3.2 Question-Word Questions
Question-word questions are known as l’interrogation partielle in French. The question-word comes right at the beginning of the sentence.
-
If the question contains a preposition, this comes before the question-word.
Example:
Avec qui vas-tu au cinéma ? With whom are you going to the cinema?
Pour qui est le pop-corn ? Who is the popcorn for?
-
The subject and the conjugated verb switch positions (the verb comes at the beginning of the question). If the subject is a pronoun, it is connected to the verb with a hyphen.
Example:
Où se trouve le cinéma ? Where is the cinema?
Quand commence le film ? When does the film begin?
**Qui as-tu invité ? **Whom have you invited?
Qui represents the direct object here. -
If the subject is a noun, it comes before the verb. The accompanying subject pronoun comes after the verb, they are connected using a hyphen.
Example:
Pourquoi va-t-elle seule au cinéma ? Why is she going to the cinema alone?
→ **Pourquoi Juliette va-t-elle seule au cinéma ?**Why is Juliette going to the cinema alone?**Où sont-ils allés ?**Where did they go?
→ **Où les enfants sont-ils allés ?**Where did the children go? -
If the question-word is que or qu’, we do not use a subject pronoun in addition to the noun like in the example above.
Example:
Que veut voir Juliette en premier ? What does Juliette want to see first?
**_Qu’_a vu ton amie au cinéma ? **What did your friend see at the cinema?
-
If we’re asking about the subject, the word order in the question remains the same as in a main clause, and the subject is simply replaced with the question-word qui (for people) or que (for things). In this case, the verb has to be in the 3rd person singular.
Example: Qui joue dans ce film ? Who is acting in this film?
3.3 Typical French question words and phrases
Question Word | Translation | Asking about … | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
qui | who | subject direct object (person) | Qui t’a donné le livre ? – L’instituteur. Qui avez-vous vu ? – Notre entraîneur. |
à qui | whom, to whom | indirect object (person) | À qui as-tu donné le livre ? – À mon amie. |
que/qu’ | what | subject or object (not a person) action | Qu’est-ce ? – Un téléphone portable. Qu’avez-vous vu ? – Un arc-en-ciel. Que fais-tu là ? – Je lis. |
quoi | what | in a sentence without a conjugated verb | Quoi faire ? |
à quoi de quoi avec quoi sur quoi | whatfrom wherewith whatabout what… | after a preposition in questions about an inanimate object | À quoi penses-tu ? De quoi parles-tu ? Avec quoi plantes-tu tes clous ? Sur quoi est-il monté pour réparer la lampe ? |
où | where | place (location) place (direction) | Où est la gare / station ? – Tout près d’ici. Où allez-vous ? – Nous allons à la gare. |
d’où | from where | place (origin) | D’où viens-tu ? – Je viens d’Allemagne. |
quand | when | point in time | Quand avez-vous petit-déjeuné ? – A 7 heures. |
comment | how | manner | Comment vas-tu ? – Bien. |
pourquoi | whyfor what reason | reason for an action purpose of an action | Pourquoi arrives-tu si tard ? – Parce que le train a eu du retard. Pourquoi veux-tu apprendre le karaté ? – Pour me défendre. |
quel (quelle, quels…) | which | selection (accompanying a noun), see Interrogative Pronouns | Quelle voiture te plaît ? – La rouge. |
lequel | which one | selection (replacing a noun), see Interrogative Pronouns | Voici deux trousses. Laquelle veux-tu ? |
combien | how many, how much | number/amount | Combien de bougies as-tu sur ton gâteau ? |
Lequel_ and quel change forms to match the gender and number of the noun they are modifying.
Example:
quel vélo – quels vélos which bicycle - which bicycles (masc. sing./pl.)
quelle chaussure – quelles chaussures which shoe - which shoes (fem. sing./pl.)