Questions in French grammar



Questions in French grammar1

0. What is une phrase interrogative?

Interrogative clauses (une phrase interrogative) are questions. In French, there are three types of questions:

  • intonation questions
  • questions with est-ce que
  • questions with inverted word order

We also differentiate between yes-no questions (l’interrogation totale) and question-word questions (l’interrogation partielle [parsjεl]).

Exercise

- Bonjour Julie! Comment vas-tu ?
- Bien, merci! Je vais au cinéma.
- Qu’est-ce que tu vas voir ?
- Un film d’action. Tu aimes aller au cinéma ?
- Beaucoup ! Est-ce que je peux venir avec toi ?
- Si tu veux. Veux-tu acheter du pop-corn ?

1. Intonation Questions

The simplest kind of question is an intonation question. The word order doesn’t change — we keep the subject – verb – object order the same as in a declarative sentence. The only difference is the rising intonation, which shows that it’s a question.

Example: Tu aimes aller au cinéma. → Tu aimes aller au cinéma ?

2. Questions with est-ce que

Questions with est-ce que are mostly used in spoken language. After est-ce que, the sentence keeps its regular form (subject – verb – object). These kinds of questions can be constructed with or without question words.

2.1 Without a question word

Example: Est-ce que je peux venir avec toi ?

2.2 With a question word

PrepositionQuestion Wordest-ce queSubjectVerbAdditional Information
est-ce quetuvas ?
Dequoiest-ce quele filmparle ?
Avecquiest-ce quetuvasau cinéma ?
Commentest-ce quevoustrouvezle film ?

When the question is asking about the subject of the sentence (using qui or que), we have to add est-ce qui instead of est-ce que.

3. Questions with inverted word order

3.1 Yes-No Questions

Questions without question-words are those we can answer with yes or no. This is known as l’interrogation totale in French.

  • The subject pronoun and the conjugated verb switch positions and are connected using a hyphen. All other parts of the sentence (object, time, place, etc.) remain in the same position as in a declarative sentence.

    Example: Tu veux acheter du pop-corn.
    Veux-tu acheter du pop-corn ? Do you want to buy popcorn?

  • If the subject is a noun, it comes before the verb in the main clause. The accompanying subject pronoun comes after the verb.

    Example:

    Vont-ils au cinéma ? Are they going to the cinema?
    Les enfants vont-ils au cinéma ? Are the children going to the cinema?

  • If the conjugated verb ends with a vowel and the subject begins with a vowel, we put a t in between.

    Example:

    Viendra-t-elle avec nous ? Will she come with us?
    Éric aime-t-il les films romantiques ? Does Eric like romantic films?

3.2 Question-Word Questions

Question-word questions are known as l’interrogation partielle in French. The question-word comes right at the beginning of the sentence.

  • If the question contains a preposition, this comes before the question-word.

    Example:

    Avec qui vas-tu au cinéma ? With whom are you going to the cinema?

    Pour qui est le pop-corn ? Who is the popcorn for?

  • The subject and the conjugated verb switch positions (the verb comes at the beginning of the question). If the subject is a pronoun, it is connected to the verb with a hyphen.

    Example:

    se trouve le cinéma ? Where is the cinema?

    Quand commence le film ? When does the film begin?

    **Qui as-tu invité ? **Whom have you invited?
    Qui represents the direct object here.

  • If the subject is a noun, it comes before the verb. The accompanying subject pronoun comes after the verb, they are connected using a hyphen.

    Example:

    Pourquoi va-t-elle seule au cinéma ? Why is she going to the cinema alone?
    → **Pourquoi Juliette va-t-elle seule au cinéma ?**Why is Juliette going to the cinema alone?

    **Où sont-ils allés ?**Where did they go?
    → **Où les enfants sont-ils allés ?**Where did the children go?

  • If the question-word is que or qu’, we do not use a subject pronoun in addition to the noun like in the example above.

    Example:

    Que veut voir Juliette en premier ? What does Juliette want to see first?

    **_Qu’_a vu ton amie au cinéma ? **What did your friend see at the cinema?

  • If we’re asking about the subject, the word order in the question remains the same as in a main clause, and the subject is simply replaced with the question-word qui (for people) or que (for things). In this case, the verb has to be in the 3rd person singular.

    Example: Qui joue dans ce film ? Who is acting in this film?

3.3 Typical French question words and phrases

Question WordTranslationAsking about …Examples
quiwhosubject
direct object (person)
Qui t’a donné le livre ? – L’instituteur.
Qui avez-vous vu ? – Notre entraîneur.
à quiwhom, to whomindirect object (person)À qui as-tu donné le livre ? – À mon amie.
que/qu’whatsubject or object (not a person)
action
Qu’est-ce ? – Un téléphone portable.
Qu’avez-vous vu ? – Un arc-en-ciel.
Que fais-tu là ? – Je lis.
quoiwhatin a sentence without a conjugated verbQuoi faire ?
à quoi
de quoi
avec quoi
sur quoi
whatfrom wherewith whatabout what…after a preposition in questions about an inanimate objectÀ quoi penses-tu ?
De quoi parles-tu ?
Avec quoi plantes-tu tes clous ?
Sur quoi est-il monté pour réparer la lampe ?
whereplace (location)
place (direction)
Où est la gare / station ? – Tout près d’ici.
Où allez-vous ? – Nous allons à la gare.
d’oùfrom whereplace (origin)D’où viens-tu ? – Je viens d’Allemagne.
quandwhenpoint in timeQuand avez-vous petit-déjeuné ? – A 7 heures.
commenthowmannerComment vas-tu ? – Bien.
pourquoiwhyfor what reasonreason for an action
purpose of an action
Pourquoi arrives-tu si tard ? – Parce que le train a eu du retard.
Pourquoi veux-tu apprendre le karaté ? – Pour me défendre.
quel (quelle, quels…)whichselection (accompanying a noun), see Interrogative PronounsQuelle voiture te plaît ? – La rouge.
lequelwhich oneselection (replacing a noun), see Interrogative PronounsVoici deux trousses. Laquelle veux-tu ?
combienhow many, how muchnumber/amountCombien de bougies as-tu sur ton gâteau ?

Lequel_ and quel change forms to match the gender and number of the noun they are modifying.

Example:

quel vélo – quels vélos which bicycle - which bicycles (masc. sing./pl.)

quelle chaussure – quelles chaussures which shoe - which shoes (fem. sing./pl.)


  1. Questions in French grammar ↩︎

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