C谜题解释

看到了这个网址http://www.gowrikumar.com/c/,作者收集了一系列网上和自己所遇到的C语言有趣的东西,我感觉挺像<Java解惑>的风格,我下面就尝试解决一下作者提出的问题.

第一题

The expected output of the following C program is to print the elements in the array. But when actually run, it doesn't do so.

#include<stdio.h>

#define TOTAL_ELEMENTS (sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]))
int array[] = {23,34,12,17,204,99,16};

int main()
{
		int d;

		for(d=-1;d <= (TOTAL_ELEMENTS-2);d++)
				printf("%d\n",array[d+1]);

		return 0;
}

Find out what's going wrong.

这道题作者给出了提示,因为sizeof操作符返回的是size_t类型,一般情况下size_t是无符号类型,所以在for循环中当-1与(TOTAL_ELEMENTS-2)比较时,-1首先被转换成无符号数来进行比较,此时-1被解释为一个很大的整数,大于(TOTAL_ELEMENTS-2)的值,所以代码什么也不输出,与程序作者本意相违背.

第二题:

I thought the following program was a perfect C program. But on compiling, I found a silly mistake. Can you find it out (without compiling the program :-) ?

#include<stdio.h>

void OS_Solaris_print()
{
	printf("Solaris - Sun Microsystems\n");
}

void OS_Windows_print()
{
	printf("Windows - Microsoft\n");

}
void OS_HP-UX_print()
{
	printf("HP-UX - Hewlett Packard\n");
}

int main()
{
	int num;
	printf("Enter the number (1-3):\n");
	scanf("%d",&num);
	switch(num)
	{
		case 1:
			OS_Solaris_print();
			break;
		case 2:
			OS_Windows_print();
			break;
		case 3:
			OS_HP-UX_print();
			break;
		default:
			printf("Hmm! only 1-3 :-)\n");
			break;
	}

	return 0;
}

这道题比较简单,就是函数OS_HP-UX_print()中间不能有符号-,作者也给出了提示.

第三道题:

What's the expected output for the following program and why?

enum {false,true};

int main()
{
        int i=1;
        do
        {
                printf("%d\n",i);
                i++;
                if(i < 15)
                        continue;
        }while(false);
        return 0;
}

作者也给出了提示,在K&R的书中提到,在while与do while语句中,continue语句的执行意味着立即执行测试部分.所以上述程序只输出1,同时要注意程序没有导入stdio.h头文件,在一些编译器上会出错.

第四道题:

The following program doesn't "seem" to print "hello-out". (Try executing it)

  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  int main()
  {
          while(1)
          {
                  fprintf(stdout,"hello-out");
                  fprintf(stderr,"hello-err");
                  sleep(1);
          }
          return 0;
  }

What could be the reason?

这道题我不明白,应该是与多线程之类的有关系(以后再弄)

第五道题:

  #include <stdio.h>
  #define f(a,b) a##b
  #define g(a)   #a
  #define h(a) g(a)

  int main()
  {
          printf("%s\n",h(f(1,2)));
          printf("%s\n",g(f(1,2)));
          return 0;
  }

Just by looking at the program one "might" expect the output to be, the same for both the printf statements. But on running the program you get it as:
bash$ ./a.out
12
f(1,2)
bash$

Why is it so?

这道题我也不明白,以后再做

第六道题:

  #include<stdio.h>
  int main()
  {
          int a=10;
          switch(a)
          {
                  case '1':
                      printf("ONE\n");
                      break;
                  case '2':
                      printf("TWO\n");
                      break;
                  defa1ut:
                      printf("NONE\n");
          }
          return 0;
  }

If you expect the output of the above program to be NONE, I would request you to check it out!!

这道题需要细心观察,default在程序中被写成了defalut,而这在某些编译器是可以编译运行的(我在gcc,vc测过,是可以运行的),所以程序什么都不会输出.

第七道题:

The following C program segfaults of IA-64, but works fine on IA-32.

  int main()
  {
      int* p;
      p = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));
      *p = 10;
      return 0;
  }

Why does it happen so?

注意这个程序没有引入malloc函数原型所在的头文件,在IA-32平台下,因为没有指定头文件,编译器默认返回了一个32位的指针类型,在IA-64的情况下,因为没有指定头文件编译器还是返回的32位的,这样在转换的过程中将64位的截断成了32位,所以就出现段错误了.

第八道题:

Here is a small piece of program(again just 14 lines of program) which counts the number of bits set in a number.
Input 	Output
0 	0(0000000)
5 	2(0000101)
7 	3(0000111)

  int CountBits (unsigned int x )
  {
      static unsigned int mask[] = { 0x55555555,
          0x33333333,
          0x0F0F0F0F,
          0x00FF00FF,
          0x0000FFFF
          } ;

          int i ;
          int shift ; /* Number of positions to shift to right*/
          for ( i =0, shift =1; i < 5; i ++, shift *= 2)
                  x = (x & mask[i ])+ ( ( x >> shift) & mask[i]);
          return x;
  }

Find out the logic used in the above program. 

位运算技巧的运用,以后再弄

第九道题:

What do you think would be the output of the following program and why? (If you are about to say "f is 1.0", I would say check it out again)

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
        float f=0.0f;
        int i;

        for(i=0;i<10;i++)
                f = f + 0.1f;

        if(f == 1.0f)
                printf("f is 1.0 \n");
        else
                printf("f is NOT 1.0\n");

        return 0;
}

浮点数加减法有很多让人意想不到的东西,特别是大数与小数相加时,所以出书f is NOT 1.0就是不足为奇了.

第十道题:

I thought the following C program is perfectly valid (after reading about the comma operator in C). But there is a mistake in the following program, can you identify it?

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
        int a = 1,2;
        printf("a : %d\n",a);
        return 0;
}

这里逗号的本意是将两个句子和在一块,少写分号.但是int a = 1做单个句子缺少分号;所以出现编译错误,要想避免编译错误有两种方法,第一种:将1,2用括号括起来,即a = (1,2);这时候a被初始化为2,或者int a; a = 1,2;此时a = 1.

第十一道题:

What would be the output of the following C program? (Is it a valid C program?)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
        int i=43;
        printf("%d\n",printf("%d",printf("%d",i)));
        return 0;
}

printf函数的返回值是被打印的字符数,所以程序输出4321,另外这道题是ppurl.com注册时的一个题,很有点意思.

第十二道题:

 void duff(register char *to, register char *from, register int count)
  {
      register