026:编程填空：统计动物数量

描述
代码填空，使得程序能够自动统计当前各种动物的数量

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 在此处补充你的代码
void print() {
	cout << Animal::number << " animals in the zoo, " << Dog::number << " of them are dogs, " << Cat::number << " of them are cats" << endl;
}

int main() {
	print();
	Dog d1, d2;
	Cat c1;
	print();
	Dog* d3 = new Dog();
	Animal* c2 = new Cat;
	Cat* c3 = new Cat;
	print();
	delete c3;
	delete c2;
	delete d3;
	print();
}
输入
无
输出
0 animals in the zoo, 0 of them are dogs, 0 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
6 animals in the zoo, 3 of them are dogs, 3 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
样例输入
None
样例输出
0 animals in the zoo, 0 of them are dogs, 0 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
6 animals in the zoo, 3 of them are dogs, 3 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats

---

class Animal
{
public:
	static int number;
	Animal() { number++; }
	virtual ~Animal() { number--; }
};

class Dog : public Animal
{
public:
	static int number;
	Dog() { number++; }
	~Dog() { number--; }
};

class Cat : public Animal
{
public:
	static int number;
	Cat() { number++; }
	~Cat() { number--; }
};

int Animal::number = 0, Dog::number = 0, Cat::number = 0;

---

注意的是Animal* c2 = new Cat;delete c2;由于此处是基类指针指向的派生类，那么在调用析构函数的时候，基类的析构函数必须是虚函数，因为这样才能保证先调用派生类的析构函数，然后调用基类的析构函数。

类内的静态成员变量需要在类外进行定义。详见https://blog.csdn.net/vict_wang/article/details/80994894