二阶与三阶行业式
1.二元线性方程组与二阶行列式
1.1 如何求解下面的二元线性方程组
{
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
=
b
2
\left\{ \begin{array}{c} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2=b_1 \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2=b_2 \end{array} \right.
{a11x1+a12x2=b1a21x1+a22x2=b2
为消除未知数x2，以a22与a12分别乘上列两端方程的两端，然后两个方程相减，得到
(
a
11
a
12
−
a
12
a
21
)
x
1
=
b
1
a
22
−
a
12
b
2
\begin{array}{c} (a_{11}a_{12}-a_{12}a_{21})x1=b_1a_{22} -a_{12}b_2\\ \end{array}
(a11a12−a12a21)x1=b1a22−a12b2
类似地，消去x1，得
(
a
11
a
12
−
a
12
a
21
)
x
2
=
a
11
b
2
−
b
1
a
21
\begin{array}{c} (a_{11}a_{12}-a_{12}a_{21})x2=a_{11}b_{2} -b_1a_{21}\\ \end{array}
(a11a12−a12a21)x2=a11b2−b1a21
当a11a12-a12a21≠0，求得方程组的解为：
x
1
=
b
1
a
22
−
a
12
b
2
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
x_1 = \frac {b_1a_{22}-a_{12}b_2} {a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}}
x1=a11a22−a12a21b1a22−a12b2
x 2 = a 11 b 2 − b 1 a 21 a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21 x_2 = \frac {a_{11}b_2-b_1a_{21}} {a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}} x2=a11a22−a12a21a11b2−b1a21
把a11a12-a12a21分母，按照在最上面的二元线性方程组位置，排成二行二列的数表
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
\begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \\ \end{matrix}
a11a21a12a22
表达式a11a12-a12a21称为数表确定的二阶行列式，记作
∣
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
∣
\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \\ \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣a11a21a12a22∣∣∣∣
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