【Julia学习笔记】——数学运算和基本函数Mathematical Operations and Elementary Functions

Julia编程语言的新版本之所以受到整个人工智能界的关注，最主要的原因正是其将 C 语言的速度、Ruby 的灵活、Python 的通用性前所未有地结合在一起，支持并行处理，易于学习和使用，尤其适合科学和工程计算。

官方文档链接：

Julia Documentation · The Julia Language

软件下载链接：

Download Julia

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▋〓〓特色〓〓▋位异或运算符x ⊻ y

▋〓〓特色〓〓▋位逻辑右移运算符x >>> y

▋〓〓特色〓〓▋位算术右移运算符x >> y

▋〓〓特色〓〓▋位逻辑/算术左移运算符x << y

▋〓〓特色〓〓▋采用@.表示对一个表达式的逐元素点乘

 ▋〓〓特色〓〓▋比较运算可以在一串元素上进行

特色内容详见下文。

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基本数学运算符（说明：与MATLAB无差异）

+x	unary plus	the identity operation
-x	unary minus	maps values to their additive inverses
x + y	binary plus	performs addition
x - y	binary minus	performs subtraction
x * y	times	performs multiplication
x / y	divide	performs division
x ÷ y	integer divide	x / y, truncated to an integer
x \ y	inverse divide	equivalent to y / x
x ^ y	power	raises x to the yth power
x % y	remainder	equivalent to rem(x,y)

  

julia> 1 + 1
2

布尔运算 （说明：与MATLAB无差异）

Expression	Name
!x	negation
x && y	short-circuiting and
x || y	short-circuiting or

 位运算

位运算规则如下所示

Expression	Name
~x	bitwise not
x & y	bitwise and
x | y	bitwise or
x ⊻ y	bitwise xor (exclusive or)▋〓〓特色〓〓▋
x >>> y	logical shift right▋〓〓特色〓〓▋
x >> y	arithmetic shift right▋〓〓特色〓〓▋
x << y	logical/arithmetic shift left▋〓〓特色〓〓▋

julia> bitstring(0b00000001 ⊻ 0b00000010)
"00000011"

julia> bitstring(0b00010000 >>> 3)
"00000010"

julia> bitstring(0b00010000 >> 2)
"00000100"

julia> bitstring(0b00010000 << 2)
"01000000"

julia> bitstring(0b00010000 << 3)
"10000000"

累计预算

主要运算符如下（说明：与MATLAB相同）【 ⊻=  >>>=  >>=  <<=为上节的扩展】

+=  -=  *=  /=  \=  ÷=  %=  ^=  &=  |=  ⊻=  >>>=  >>=  <<=

 向量逐元素点乘运算（说明：与MATLAB相同）

julia> [1 2 3 4 5].*5
1×5 Matrix{Int64}:
 5  10  15  20  25

▋〓〓特色〓〓▋采用@.表示对一个表达式的逐元素点乘

julia> A = [1 2 3];

julia> @. A^2
1×3 Matrix{Int64}:
 1  4  9

数值比较

数值比较运算法如下所示（说明：与MATLAB相同）

==	equality
!=, ≠	inequality
<	less than
<=, ≤	less than or equal to
>	greater than
>=, ≥	greater than or equal to

 ▋〓〓特色〓〓▋比较运算可以在一串元素上进行

julia> 1<2<3
true

 元运算符（说明：与MATLAB相同）【 ⊻  >>>  >>  <<等为上节的扩展】

Category	Operators	Associativity
Syntax	. followed by ::	Left
Exponentiation	^	Right
Unary	+ - √	Right
Bitshifts	<< >> >>>	Left
Fractions	//	Left
Multiplication	* / % & \ ÷	Left
Addition	+ - | ⊻	Left
Syntax	: ..	Left
Syntax	|>	Left
Syntax	<|	Right
Comparisons	> < >= <= == === != !== <:	Non-associative
Control flow	&& followed by || followed by ?	Right
Pair	=>	Right
Assignments	= += -= *= /= //= \= ^= ÷= %= |= &= ⊻= <<= >>= >>>=	Right

圆整函数（说明：与MATLAB基本相同）

Function	Description	Return type
round(x)	round x to the nearest integer	typeof(x)
round(T, x)	round x to the nearest integer	T
floor(x)	round x towards -Inf	typeof(x)
floor(T, x)	round x towards -Inf	T
ceil(x)	round x towards +Inf	typeof(x)
ceil(T, x)	round x towards +Inf	T
trunc(x)	round x towards zero	typeof(x)
trunc(T, x)	round x towards zero	T

分离函数（说明：与MATLAB基本相同）

分离函数主要指取模运算和整数小时分离运算等。

Function	Description
div(x,y), x÷y	truncated division; quotient rounded towards zero
fld(x,y)	floored division; quotient rounded towards -Inf
cld(x,y)	ceiling division; quotient rounded towards +Inf
rem(x,y)	remainder; satisfies x == div(x,y)*y + rem(x,y); sign matches x
mod(x,y)	modulus; satisfies x == fld(x,y)*y + mod(x,y); sign matches y
mod1(x,y)	mod with offset 1; returns r∈(0,y] for y>0 or r∈[y,0) for y<0, where mod(r, y) == mod(x, y)
mod2pi(x)	modulus with respect to 2pi; 0 <= mod2pi(x) < 2pi
divrem(x,y)	returns (div(x,y),rem(x,y))
fldmod(x,y)	returns (fld(x,y),mod(x,y))
gcd(x,y...)	greatest positive common divisor of x, y,...
lcm(x,y...)	least positive common multiple of x, y,...

符号函数（说明：与MATLAB基本相同）

Function	Description
abs(x)	a positive value with the magnitude of x
abs2(x)	the squared magnitude of x
sign(x)	indicates the sign of x, returning -1, 0, or +1
signbit(x)	indicates whether the sign bit is on (true) or off (false)
copysign(x,y)	a value with the magnitude of x and the sign of y
flipsign(x,y)	a value with the magnitude of x and the sign of x*y

幂函数（说明：与MATLAB基本相同）

Function	Description
sqrt(x), √x	square root of x
cbrt(x), ∛x	cube root of x
hypot(x,y)	hypotenuse of right-angled triangle with other sides of length x and y
exp(x)	natural exponential function at x
expm1(x)	accurate exp(x)-1 for x near zero
ldexp(x,n)	x*2^n computed efficiently for integer values of n
log(x)	natural logarithm of x
log(b,x)	base b logarithm of x
log2(x)	base 2 logarithm of x
log10(x)	base 10 logarithm of x
log1p(x)	accurate log(1+x) for x near zero
exponent(x)	binary exponent of x
significand(x)	binary significand (a.k.a. mantissa) of a floating-point number x

 三角函数和反函数（说明：与MATLAB基本相同）

sin    cos    tan    cot    sec    csc
sinh   cosh   tanh   coth   sech   csch
asin   acos   atan   acot   asec   acsc
asinh  acosh  atanh  acoth  asech  acsch
sinc   cosc
sind   cosd   tand   cotd   secd   cscd
asind  acosd  atand  acotd  asecd  acscd