导数

双变元

偏移问题，证明单调性

比如求证$x_1 + x_2 < 2$,即证 $f(x) - f(2-x) <> 0$恒成立,$f(x)$在$(1,...)$单调…，所以$x_1 < 2 - x_2$ ……

未知变量 )消掉 )用已知表示

$x_1,x_2$ 为$f'(x) = ax + b + \frac cx$的零点$\rightarrow$韦达

ex1. 若方程$f(x) = m (m<2)$有两个相异实根$x_1$,$x_2$,且$x_1<x_2$,证明$x_1x_2^2 < 2$
$0 < x_1 < 1,x_2 > 1$
$\ln x_2 - x_2 < f(2) \therefore x_2 > 2$
设 $g(x) = \ln x - x - m , h(x) = g(x) - g(\frac 2{x^2}) = -x^2 + \frac 2{x^2} + 3\ln x - \ln 2$
$h'(x) = -1 - \frac 4{x^3} + \frac 3x = -\frac {(x-2)^2(x+1)}{x^3}$
$x > 2, h'(x) < 0, h(x) < h(2) < 0$
$\therefore g(x) < g(\frac 2{x^2})$
$\therefore x_1x_2^2 < 2$

$x_2,x_1$ 替换

ex2. $f(x) = \ln x - mx$，$m >= \frac {3\sqrt 2}2$，$g(x) = 2f(x) + x^2$两个极值点$x_1,x_2$恰为$h(x) = \ln x - cx^2 - bx$的零点，求$y = (x_1 - x_2)h'(\frac {x_1 + x_2}2)$的最小值
$h(x) = 0 \rightarrow \ln \frac {x_1}{x_2} + c(x_1 + x_2)(x_2 - x_1) + b(x_2 - x_1) = 0$
$y = (x_1 - x_2)(\frac 2{x_1 + x_2} - c(x_1 + x_2) - b)$
$= 2 \times \frac {x_1 - x_2}{x_1 + x_2} - \ln \frac {x_1}{x_2}$
令$t = \frac {x_1}{x_2},t \in (0,\frac 12]$
$y = 2 - \frac 4{t + 1} - \ln t$
$y' = -\frac {(t-1)^2}{t(t+1)^2} < 0$
$y_{min} = y(\frac 12) = -\frac 23 + \ln 2$

基本不等式：$\rm{\sum_{k = 1}^n x_k >= n \cdot \sqrt [n]{\prod_{k=1}^n x_k}}$

ex3. 证明 $a <= 4$ 时，k = 2 + \frac 2{x_1 + x_2}{x_1^2x_2^2} - \frac a{x_1x_2}
即证 $x_1x_2 + \frac 4{\sqrt{x_1x_2}} > a$.
$x_1x_2 + \frac 4{\sqrt{x_1x_2}} >= 3 \times \sqrt [3]{x_1x_2 \cdot \frac 2{\sqrt{x_1x_2}} \cdot \frac 2{\sqrt{x_1x_2}}} = 3\sqrt[3]{4} > 4$

$\rm{e^x_1 + e^x_2 >= 2e^{\frac {x_1+x_2}2}}$

ex4. 函数 $f(x) = ae^{2x} + be^x$，$g(x) = x$，$F(x) = f(x) - g(x)$ 有两个不同的零点$x_1$,$x_2$，记$x_0 = \frac {x_1 + x_2}2$，对$\forall a \in (0,+\infty)$，$b \in R$，试比较$f'(x_0)$与$g'(x_0)$的大小
$x_2 - x_1 = a(e^{x_2} - e^{x_1})(e^{x_2} + e^{x_1}) + b(e^{x_2} - e^{x_1}) >= 2a(e^{x_2} - e^{x_1})e^{\frac {x_1 + x_2}2} + b(e^{x_2} - e^{x_1})$
$\therefore f'(x_0) - g'(x_0) <= \frac {x_2 - x_1}{e^{\frac {x_2 - x_1}2} - e^{\frac {x_1 - x_2}2}} - 1$
令 $t = \frac {x_2 - x_1}2,(t > 0), \ G(t) = \frac {2t}{e^t - e^{-t}} - 1$
$G'(t) > 0 \Rightarrow (1-t)e^t > (1+t)e^{-t}$
令 $H(t) = (1-t)e^t - (1+t)e^{-t}$
$H'(t) = -t(e^t - e^{-t}) < 0,H(0) = 0$
$\therefore H(t) <= 0,G'(t) <= 0$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} G(t) = \frac 2{e^t + e^{-t}} - 1 = 0 \ \therefore G(t) < 0$
$\therefore f'(x_0) < g'(x_0)$

ex4.5. $f(x) = e^x - ax + a$，$f(x)$有两个不同的零点$x_1$,$x_2$，求证$f'(\frac {2x_1x_2}{x_1 + x_2}) < 0$
$a = \frac {e^{x_2} - e^{x_1}}{x_2 - x_1}$
$f'(\frac {2x_1x_2}{x_1 + x_2}) > e^{\frac {x_1 + x_2}2} - \frac {e^{x_2} - e^{x_1}}{x_2 - x_1} = e^{\frac {x_1 + x_2}2} \cdot (1 - \frac {e^{\frac {x_2 - x_1}2} - e^{\frac {x_1 - x_2}2}}{x_2 - x_1})$
设$G(t) = \frac {e^t - e^{-t}}t$，$G'(t) > 0$
$\lim _{t\rightarrow 0}G(t) = 2$
$\therefore$ …………

不等式

放缩

常用不等式：
1) $e^x >= x + 1$
2) $1 - \frac 1x <= \ln x <= x - 1$

于是有送分题系列
1) $\prod_{k = 2}^n \frac {\ln k}k < \frac 1n$
2) $\sum_{k = 2}^n \ln(k^2 + 1) < 1 + 2\ln n!$
3) $e^{\frac {n(n-1)}2} >= n!$

ex1. $\frac 1{2n}$前$n$项和为$T_n$，求证$\frac {T_2}2 + \frac {T_3}3 + \cdots + \frac {T_n}n < T_n^2 < \frac {T1}2 + \cdots + \frac{T_{n-1}}n + \frac 12$
$T_n^2 - T_{n-1}^2 = \frac {T_{n-1}}n + \frac 1{4n^2}$
$T_n^2 = \sum_{k = 2}^n \frac {T_{k-1}}{k} + \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac 1{4k^2}$
$\sum_{k = 1}^n \frac 1{4k^2} < \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac 1{(2k - 1)(2k + 1)} < \frac 12$ //右
$T_n^2 = \sum_{k = 2}^n \frac {T_k}{k} - \sum_{k = 2}^n \frac 1{4k^2} + \frac 14 < \frac 14$ //左

构造函数

ex1. 定义在$(0,+\infty)$上的函数$f(x)$的导函数$f'(x)$满足$xf'(x) + f(x) = \frac {\ln x}{x}$，且$f(e) = \frac 1e$，则 $f(x) + e > x + \frac 1e$的解集为：$(0,e)$
$f'(x) = \frac {\ln x - xf(x)}{x^2}$
$[\ln x - xf(x)]' = \frac 1x - f(x) - xf'(x) = \frac {1 - \ln x}x > 0 \Rightarrow x \in (0,e)$
$f'(e) = 0,f(x) <= 0$,$f(x) - x$ 单减,喵~

数值估计

看。脸。

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$\int\tan x = -ln|\cos x| + C$
$|\frac {f(x_1) - f(x_2)}{x_1 - x_2}| < 2017 \Rightarrow |f'(x)| <= 2017$