tf.constant(常量)

一.概述

格式：tf​.​constant​(​value​,​ dtype​=​None​,​ shape​=​None​,​ name​=​'Const'​,​ verify_shape​=​False)

• value:是一个必须的值，可以是一个数值，也可以是一个列表；可以是一维的，也可以是多维的。

​​​​​​​#创建数值常量 
tensor=tf.constant(1) 

#用取值函数eval()来查看创建的tensor的值 
sess=tf.Session() 
with sess.as_default(): 
    print('结果是：',tensor.eval()) 

#创建列表常量 
tensor=tf.constant([1,2]) 

#用取值函数eval()来查看创建的tensor的值 
sess=tf.Session() 
with sess.as_default():
    print('结果是：', tensor.eval())

• dtype​：数据类型，一般可以是tf.float32, tf.float64等
• shape：表示张量的“形状”，即维数以及每一维的大小

#如果指定了第三个参数，当第一个参数value是数字时，张量的所有元素都会用该数字填充
tensor=tf.constant(-1, shape=[2, 3])
sess=tf.Session()
with sess.as_default():
    print('结果是：', tensor.eval())

结果是：[[-1 -1 -1]
         [-1 -1 -1]]


#而当第一个参数value是一个列表时，注意列表的长度必须小于等于第三个参数shape的大小（即各维大小的乘
 #积），否则会报错，这是因为函数会生成一个shape大小的张量，然后用value这个列表中的值一一填充
 #shape中的元素。这里列表大小为7，而shape大小为2*3=6，无法正确填充，所以发生了错误。 

tensor=tf.constant([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], shape=[2, 3])
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#68>", line 1, in <module>
    tensor=tf.constant([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], shape=[2, 3])
ValueError: Too many elements provided. Needed at most 6, but received 7

#而如果列表大小小于shape大小，则会用列表的最后一项元素填充剩余的张量元素
tensor=tf.constant([1, 2], shape=[1, 4, 3])
sess=tf.Session()
with sess.as_default():
    print('结果是：', tensor.eval())

结果是： [[[1 2 2]
          [2 2 2]
          [2 2 2]
          [2 2 2]]]

• name: 可以是任何内容，只要是字符串就行
• verify_shape：默认为False，如果修改为True的话表示检查value的形状与shape是否相符，如果不符会报错。

二.用法详解

1.特殊值元素的构建

# create a tensor of shape and all elements are zeros
tf​.​zeros​(​shape​,​ dtype​=​tf​.​float32​,​ name​=​None)

tf.zeros([2, 3], tf.int32) ==> [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]


# create a tensor of shape and type (unless type is specified) as the input_tensor
#but all elements are zeros.
tf​.​zeros_like​(​input_tensor​,​ dtype​=​None​,​ name​=​None​,​ optimize​=​True)

# input_tensor is [0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]]
tf.zeros_like(input_tensor) ==> [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]

# create a tensor of shape and all elements are ones
tf​.​ones​(​shape​,​ dtype​=​tf​.​float32​,​ name​=​None)

tf.ones([2, 3], tf.int32) ==> [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]]

# create a tensor of shape and type (unless type is specified) as the input_tensor
#but all elements are ones.

tf​.​ones_like​(​input_tensor​,​ dtype​=​None​,​ name​=​None​,​ optimize​=​True)

# input_tensor is [0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]]
tf.ones_like(input_tensor) ==> [[1, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1]]

# create a tensor filled with a scalar val
tf.fill(dims, value, name=None)

tf.ones([2, 3], 8) ==> [[8, 8, 8], [8, 8, 8]]

2.常量序列

# create a sequence of num evenly-spaced values are generated beginning at start. If
#num > 1, the values in the sequence increase by stop - start / num - 1, so that the
#last one is exactly stop.
# start, stop, num must be scalars
# comparable to but slightly different from numpy.linspace
# numpy.linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, retstep=False, dtype=None)
tf​.​linspace​(​start​,​ stop​,​ num​,​ name​=​None)

tf.linspace(10.0, 13.0, 4, name="linspace") ==> [10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0]

# create a sequence of numbers that begins at start and extends by increments of
#delta up to but not including limit
# slight different from range in Python
tf​.​range​(​start​,​ limit​=​None​,​ delta​=​1​,​ dtype​=​None​,​ name​=​'range')

# 'start' is 3, 'limit' is 18, 'delta' is 3
tf.range(start, limit, delta) ==> [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]

# 'start' is 3, 'limit' is 1, 'delta' is -0.5
tf.range(start, limit, delta) ==> [3, 2.5, 2, 1.5]

# 'limit' is 5
tf.range(limit) ==> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

注意：Note that unlike NumPy or Python sequences, TensorFlow sequences are not iterable.

for _ in np.linspace(0, 10, 4): # OK
for _ in tf.linspace(0, 10, 4): # TypeError("'Tensor' object is not iterable.")
for _ in range(4): # OK
for _ in tf.range(4): # TypeError("'Tensor' object is not iterable.")

三.随机变量

tf.random_normal(shape, mean=0.0, stddev=1.0, dtype=tf.float32, seed=None, name=None)

tf.truncated_normal(shape, mean=0.0, stddev=1.0, dtype=tf.float32, seed=None,
name=None)

tf.random_uniform(shape, minval=0, maxval=None, dtype=tf.float32, seed=None,
name=None)

tf.random_shuffle(value, seed=None, name=None)

tf.random_crop(value, size, seed=None, name=None)tf.multinomial(logits, num_samples, seed=None, name=None)tf.random_gamma(shape, alpha, beta=None, dtype=tf.float32, seed=None, name=Non

四.数学计算

a = tf.constant([3, 6])
b = tf.constant([2, 2])
tf.add(a, b) # >> [5 8]
tf.add_n([a, b, b]) # >> [7 10]. Equivalent to a + b + b
tf.mul(a, b) # >> [6 12] because mul is element wise
tf.matmul(a, b) # >> ValueError
tf.matmul(tf.reshape(a, shape=[1, 2]), tf.reshape(b, shape=[2, 1])) # >> [[18]]
tf.div(a, b) # >> [1 3]
tf.mod(a, b) # >> [1 0]