【python】详解类class的属性：类数据属性、实例数据属性、特殊的类属性、属性隐藏（二）

自上一篇python中的类，对象，方法，属性初认识（一）认识了类的基本架构，下面继续对类进行详解，更加深入了解类的属性、方法、访问控制这三个方面的类容。

紧接上一篇类的实例：

class person():
	tall = 180
    def __init__(self,name,age,weight):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight
    def infoma(self):
        print('%s is %s weights %s'%(self.name,self.age,self.__weight))


person = person('bruce',25,60)
infoma = person.infoma()

一、数据属性

1、在上面的person类中，“tall”、“name”、"age"和"weight "都被称为类的数据属性，但是它们又分为类数据属性和实例数据属性。

首先看一段代码，代码中分别展示了对类数据属性和实例数据属性的访问：

class person(object):
    tall = 180
    hobbies = []
    def __init__(self, name, age,weight):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight
    def infoma(self):
        print('%s is %s weights %s'%(self.name,self.age,self.weight))
person.hobbies.extend(["football", "woman"])   #类数据属性属于类本身，可以通过类名进行访问/修改，此处添加"football"、"woman"两个
print("person hobbies list: %s" %person.hobbies   ) 
# class can add class attribute after class defination
person.hobbies2 = ["reading", "jogging", "swimming"]  #在类定义之后，可以通过类名动态添加类数据属性，新增的类属性也被类和所有实例共有
print( "person hobbies2 list: %s" %person.hobbies2  )  
print( dir(person))


Bruce = person("Bruce", 25,60)    #实例数据属性只能通过实例访问
print ("%s is %d years old" %(Bruce.name, Bruce.age)   )
# class instance can add new attribute 
# "gender" is the instance attribute only belongs to wilber
Bruce.gender = "male"   #在实例生成后，还可以动态添加实例数据属性，但是这些实例数据属性只属于该实例
print( "%s is %s" %(Bruce.name, Bruce.gender) )  
# class instance can access class attribute
print( dir(Bruce))
Bruce.hobbies.append("C#")
print (Bruce.hobbies)


will = person("Will", 27,60) 
print( "%s is %d years old" %(will.name, will.age) )  
# will shares the same class attribute with wilber
# will don't have the "gender" attribute that belongs to wilber
print( dir(will) )    
print (will.hobbies)

通过内建函数dir()，或者访问类的字典属性’_ _dict _ _'这两种方式都可以查看类有哪些属性，代码的输出为：

person hobbies list: ['football', 'woman']   #类数据属性属于类本身，可以通过类名进行访问/修改
person hobbies2 list: ['reading', 'jogging', 'swimming']
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'hobbies', 'hobbies2', 'infoma', 'tall']
Bruce is 25 years old  #实例数据属性只能通过实例访问
Bruce is male #实例数据属性只能通过实例访问
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'age', 'gender', 'hobbies', 'hobbies2', 'infoma', 'name', 'tall', 'weight']
['football', 'woman', 'C#']
Will is 27 years old
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'age', 'hobbies', 'hobbies2', 'infoma', 'name', 'tall', 'weight']
['football', 'woman', 'C#']

对于类数据属性和实例数据属性，可以总结为：

• 类数据属性属于类本身，可以通过类名进行访问/修改
• 类数据属性也可以被类的所有实例访问/修改
• 在类定义之后，可以通过类名动态添加类数据属性，新增的类属性也被类和所有实例共有
• 实例数据属性只能通过实例访问
• 在实例生成后，还可以动态添加实例数据属性，但是这些实例数据属性只属于该实例

2、特殊的类属性：对于所有的类，都有一组特殊的属性

• _ _ name_ _：类的名字（字符串）
• _ _ doc _ _ ：类的文档字符串
• _ _ bases _ _：类的所有父类组成的元组
• _ _ dict _ _：类的属性组成的字典
• _ _ module _ _：类所属的模块
• _ _ class _ _：类对象的类型

class person(object):
    tall = 180
    hobbies = []
    def __init__(self, name, age,weight):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight
    def infoma(self):
        print('%s is %s weights %s'%(self.name,self.age,self.weight))

print(person.__name__)
print(person.__doc__)
print(person.__bases__)
print(person.__dir__)
print(person.__module__)
print(person.__class__)

输出结果为：

person
None
(<class 'object'>,)
<method '__dir__' of 'object' objects>
__main__
<class 'type'>

3、属性隐藏：类数据属性属于类本身，被所有该类的实例共享；并且，通过实例可以去访问/修改类属性。但是，在通过实例中访问类属性的时候一定要谨慎，因为可能出现属性"隐藏"的情况。

Bruce = person("Bruce", 25,180)

print("person.tall is Bruce.tall: ", person.tall is Bruce.tall)
Bruce.tall = 185    #重新赋值或者修改
print( "person.tall is Bruce.tall: ", person.tall is Bruce.tall)
print( person.__dict__)
print( Bruce.__dict__)
del Bruce.tall   #再次删除实例的赋值
print("person.tall is Bruce.tall: ", person.tall is Bruce.tall)  #person.tall is Bruce.tall为True


Bruce.tall += 3    
print("person.tall is Bruce.tall: ", person.tall is Bruce.tall)
print(person.__dict__)
print(Bruce.__dict__)


del Bruce.tall

print("person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies: ", person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies)
Bruce.hobbies = ["C#", "Python"]
print ("person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies : ", person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies)
print( person.__dict__)
print( Bruce.__dict__)
del Bruce.hobbies
print( "person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies: ", person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies)

print() 

Bruce.hobbies.append("CSS")
print("person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies: ", person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies)
print(person.__dict__)
print(Bruce.__dict__)

输出结果：

person.tall is Bruce.tall:  True
person.tall is Bruce.tall:  False
{'tall': 180, 'infoma': <function person.infoma at 0x000001C9B9D0D6A8>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'person' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function person.__init__ at 0x000001C9B9D0DE18>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'person' objects>, 'hobbies': [], '__doc__': None}
{'weight': 180, 'name': 'Bruce', 'tall': 185, 'age': 25}
person.tall is Bruce.tall:  True
person.tall is Bruce.tall:  False
{'tall': 180, 'infoma': <function person.infoma at 0x000001C9B9D0D6A8>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'person' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function person.__init__ at 0x000001C9B9D0DE18>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'person' objects>, 'hobbies': [], '__doc__': None}
{'weight': 180, 'name': 'Bruce', 'tall': 183, 'age': 25}
person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies:  True

person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies:  False
{'tall': 180, 'infoma': <function person.infoma at 0x000001C9B9D0D6A8>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'person' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function person.__init__ at 0x000001C9B9D0DE18>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'person' objects>, 'hobbies': [], '__doc__': None}
{'weight': 180, 'name': 'Bruce', 'hobbies': ['C#', 'Python'], 'age': 25}
person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies :  True

person.hobbies is Bruce.hobbies:  True
{'tall': 180, 'infoma': <function person.infoma at 0x000001C9B9D0D6A8>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'person' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function person.__init__ at 0x000001C9B9D0DE18>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'person' objects>, 'hobbies': ['CSS'], '__doc__': None}
{'weight': 180, 'name': 'Bruce', 'age': 25}

对于不可变类型的类属性，隐藏属性可以总结为：

• 对于不可变类型的类属性person.tall，可以通过实例Bruce进行访问，并且"person.tall is Bruce.tall"

• 当通过实例赋值/修改tall属性的时候，将为实例Bruce新建一个tall实例属性，这时，“person.tall is not Bruce.tall”

• 当通过"del Bruce.tall"语句删除实例的tall属性后，再次成为"person.tall is Bruce.tall"

对于可变类型的类属性，隐藏属性可以总结为：

• 同样对于可变类型的类属性person.hobbies，可以通过实例Bruce进行访问，并且"person.hobbies is
  Bruce. hobbies"
• 当通过实例赋值hobbies 属性的时候，都将为实例Bruce新建一个hobbies实例属性，这时，“person.hobbies is not
  Bruce. hobbies”
• 当通过"del Bruce. hobbies"语句删除实例的hobbies属性后，再次成为"person. hobbies is Bruce.
  hobbies"
• 当通过实例修改hobbies属性的时候，将修改Bruce. hobbies指向的内存地址（即person.hobbies），此时，“person.hobbies is not Bruce. hobbies”

注意，虽然通过实例可以访问类属性，但是，不建议这么做，最好还是通过类名来访问类属性，从而避免属性隐藏带来的不必要麻烦