【C++】学习笔记五十一——运算符重载

运算符重载

可对运算符进行重载，将运算符扩展到自定义类型。

operator【运算符】(argument-list)

例如：operator+()重载+运算符。【运算符】必须是有效的C++运算符，不能虚构一个新的符号。不能有operator@()这样的函数，但可以有operator[]()，因为[]是数组索引运算符。

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实例：计算时间

程序11.1 mytime0.h

#ifndef MYTIME0_H_
#define MYTIME0_H_

class Time
{
private:
    int hours;
    int minutes;
public:
    Time();
    Time(int h, int m = 0);
    void AddMin(int m);
    void AddHr(int h);
    void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);
    Time Sum(const Time &t) const;
    void Show() const;
};
#endif // !MYTIME0_H_

Time类提供了用于调整和重新设置时间、显式时间、将两个时间相加的方法。
程序11.2 mytime0.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"

Time::Time()
{
    hours = minutes = 0;
}

Time::Time(int h, int m)
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}

void Time::AddMin(int m)
{
    minutes += m;
    hours += minutes / 60;
    minutes %= 60;
}

void Time::AddHr(int h)
{
    hours += h;
}

void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}

Time Time::Sum(const Time &t) const
{
    Time sum;
    sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;
    sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;
    sum.minutes %= 60;
    return sum;
}

void Time::Show() const
{
    std::cout << hours << " hours, " << minutes << " minutes";
}

程序11.3 usetime0.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"

int main()
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Time planning;
    Time coding(2, 40);
    Time fixing(5, 55);
    Time total;

    cout << "planning time = ";
    planning.Show();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "coding time = ";
    coding.Show();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "fixing time = ";
    fixing.Show();
    cout << endl;

    total = coding.Sum(fixing);
    cout << "coding.Sum(fixing) = ";
    total.Show();
    cout << endl;

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

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添加加法运算符

程序11.4 mytime1.h

#ifndef MYTIME1_H_
#define MYTIME1_H_

class Time
{
private:
    int hours;
    int minutes;
public:
    Time();
    Time(int h, int m = 0);
    void AddMin(int m);
    void AddHr(int h);
    void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);
    Time operator+(const Time &t) const;
    void Show() const;
};
#endif

程序11.5 mytime1.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "mytime1.h"

Time::Time()
{
    hours = minutes = 0;
}

Time::Time(int h, int m)
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}

void Time::AddMin(int m)
{
    minutes += m;
    hours += minutes / 60;
    minutes %= 60;
}

void Time::AddHr(int h)
{
    hours += h;
}

void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}

Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const
{
    Time sum;
    sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;
    sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;
    sum.minutes %= 60;
    return sum;
}

void Time::Show() const
{
    std::cout << hours << " hours, " << minutes << " minutes";
}

程序11.6 usetime1.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "mytime1.h"

int main()
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Time planning;
    Time coding(2, 40);
    Time fixing(5, 55);
    Time total;

    cout << "planning time = ";
    planning.Show();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "coding time = ";
    coding.Show();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "fixing time = ";
    fixing.Show();
    cout << endl;

    total = coding + fixing;
    cout << "coding + fixing = ";
    total.Show();
    cout << endl;

    Time morefixing(3, 28);
    cout << "more fixing time = ";
    morefixing.Show();
    cout << endl;
    total = morefixing.operator+(total);
    cout << "morefixing.operator+(total) = ";
    total.Show();
    cout << endl;

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

operator+()函数的名称使得可以使用函数表示法或运算符表示法来调用它，编译器将根据操作数的类型来确定如何做。

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重载限制

运算符重载的限制：

1. 重载后的运算符必须至少由一个操作数是用户定义的类型，这将防止用户为标准类型重载运算符。
2. 使用运算符时不能违反运算符原来的句法规则。例如：不能将求模运算符（%）重载成使用一个操作数int x; % x;//错误；同样，不能修改运算符的优先级。
3. 不能创建新运算符。例如，不能定义operator**()函数来表示求幂。
4. 不能重载下面的运算符：sizeof运算符；成员运算符（.）；成员指针运算符（.*）；条件运算符（?:）；typeid；强制类型转换运算符（const_cast 、dynamic_cast、 reinterpret_cast 、static_cast）
5. 下面的运算符只能通过成员函数进行重载：赋值运算符（=）;函数调用运算符（()）；下标运算符（[]）；指针访问类成员运算符（->）。