The C Programming language (一)基本概念与运算符

首先从起源helloworld开始

# include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
   
printf("hello,world\n");
}

每一个C程序,无论大小,都由函数和变量组成。函数中包含若干用于指定要做的计算操作语句;而变量用于在计算过程中存储有关值。一般而言,可以给函数任意命名,但是main是一个特殊的函数,每一个程序都从名为main的函数起点开始执行,即意味着每一个程序都必须包含一个main函数。而main函数通常要调用其他函数,调用的函数可以自己编写,也可以由系统函数库提供。
例如:#include<stdio.h>本程序中包含标准输入输出库的有关信息。

函数之间的数据通信的一种方法是让调用函数向被调用函数提供一串变元的值;函数名后的圆括号将变元括起来;如本例中:main函数不需要任何变元,即用空括号即可。
而函数中的语句用一对花括号括起来,当要调用一个函数时,先要给出这个函数的名字,再紧跟用一对圆括号括住的变元。用双引号括住的字符序列叫做字符串或字符串常量。

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
   
int b;
//float a,b;
int a=0,upper=300,step=20;
	while(a<=upper)
	{
   
		
		b=5*(a-32)/9;
		printf("%d\t%d\n",a,b);//只要在 p r i n t f语句的第一个变元的 % 中指明打印长度,则打印的数字会在打印区域内右对齐。
		//右对齐可以用printf("%3d %6d\n",a,b);
		//使用浮点数printf("%3.0f %6.1f\n",a,b);此时为浮点数操作不需要修改b的语句
		a=a+step;
	}
	}
//数据类型
//char 至少是8位,short类型至少16位,long类型至少32位,int类型可以是16位,也可以是32位,float类型一般是32位,double类型一般是64位
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
   
int b;
int a,upper=300,step=20;
	for(a=0;a<=upper;a = a + step)
	{
   
		b=5 * (a-32) / 9;
		print
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The C programming Language By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Published by Prentice-Hall in 1988 ISBN 0-13-110362-8 (paperback) ISBN 0-13-110370-9 目录结构: Contents Preface Preface to the first edition Introduction Chapter 1: A Tutorial Introduction Getting Started Variables and Arithmetic Expressions The for statement Symbolic Constants Character Input and Output File Copying Character Counting Line Counting Word Counting Arrays Functions Arguments - Call by Value Character Arrays External Variables and Scope Chapter 2: Types, Operators and Expressions Variable Names Data Types and Sizes Constants Declarations Arithmetic Operators Relational and Logical Operators Type Conversions Increment and Decrement Operators Bitwise Operators Assignment Operators and Expressions Conditional Expressions Precedence and Order of Evaluation Chapter 3: Control Flow Statements and Blocks If-Else Else-If Switch Loops - While and For Loops - Do-While Break and Continue Goto and labels Chapter 4: Functions and Program Structure Basics of Functions Functions Returning Non-integers External Variables Scope Rules Header Files Static Variables Register Variables Block Structure Initialization Recursion The C Preprocessor File Inclusion Macro Substitution Conditional Inclusion Chapter 5: Pointers and Arrays Pointers and Addresses Pointers and Function Arguments Pointers and Arrays Address Arithmetic Character Pointers and Functions Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers Multi-dimensional Arrays Initialization of Pointer Arrays Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays Command-line Arguments Pointers to Functions Complicated Declarations Chapter 6: Structures Basics of Structures Structures and Functions Arrays of Structures Pointers to Structures Self-referential Structures Table Lookup Typedef Unions Bit-fields Chapter 7: Input and Output Standard Input and Output Formatted Output - printf Variable-length Argument Lists Formatted Input - Scanf File Access Error Handling - Stderr and Exit Line Input and Output Miscellaneous Functions String Operations Character Class Testing and Conversion Ungetc Command Execution Storage Management Mathematical Functions Random Number generation Chapter 8: The UNIX System Interface File Descriptors Low Level I/O - Read and Write Open, Creat, Close, Unlink Random Access - Lseek Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc Example - Listing Directories Example - A Storage Allocator Appendix A: Reference Manual Introduction Lexical Conventions Syntax Notation Meaning of Identifiers Objects and Lvalues Conversions Expressions Declarations Statements External Declarations Scope and Linkage Preprocessor Grammar Appendix B: Standard Library Input and Output: <stdio.h> File Operations Formatted Output Formatted Input Character Input and Output Functions Direct Input and Output Functions File Positioning Functions Error Functions Character Class Tests: <ctype.h> String Functions: <string.h> Mathematical Functions: <math.h> Utility Functions: <stdlib.h> Diagnostics: <assert.h> Variable Argument Lists: <stdarg.h> Non-local Jumps: <setjmp.h> Signals: <signal.h> Date and Time Functions: <time.h> Implementation-defined Limits: <limits.h> and <float.h> Appendix C: Summary of Changes
The C programming Language 第二版英文版 內容列表 Table of Contents Preface.......................................................... Preface to the first edition..................................... Introduction..................................................... Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction.............................. 1.1 Getting Started................................ 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions........... 1.3 The for statement.............................. 1.4 Symbolic Constants............................. 1.5 Character Input and Output..................... 1.5.1 File Copying.......................... 1.5.2 Character Counting.................... 1.5.3 Line Counting......................... 1.5.4 Word Counting......................... 1.6 Arrays......................................... 1.7 Functions...................................... 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value...................... 1.9 Character Arrays............................... 1.10 External Variables and Scope.................. Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions..................... 2.1 Variable Names................................. 2.2 Data Types and Sizes........................... 2.3 Constants...................................... 2.4 Declarations................................... 2.5 Arithmetic Operators........................... 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators............... 2.7 Type Conversions............................... 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators.............. 2.9 Bitwise Operators.............................. 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions.......... 2.11 Conditional Expressions....................... 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation............ Chapter 3 - Control Flow......................................... 3.1 Statements and Blocks.......................... 3.2 If-Else........................................ 3.3 Else-If........................................ 3.4 Switch......................................... 3.5 Loops - While and For.......................... 3.6 Loops - Do-While............................... 3.7 Break and Continue............................. 3.8 Goto and labels................................ Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure...................... 4.1 Basics of Functions............................ 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers............... 4.3 External Variables............................. 4.4 Scope Rules.................................... 4.5 Header Files................................... 4.6 Static Variables................................ 4.7 Register Variables.............................. 4.8 Block Structure................................. 4.9 Initialization.................................. 4.10 Recursion...................................... 4.11 The C Preprocessor............................. 4.11.1 File Inclusion........................ 4.11.2 Macro Substitution.................... 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion................. Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays.................................. 5.1 Pointers and Addresses......................... 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments................ 5.3 Pointers and Arrays............................ 5.4 Address Arithmetic............................. 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions............... 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers........... 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays....................... 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays............... 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays.......... 5.10 Command-line Arguments........................ 5.11 Pointers to Functions......................... 5.12 Complicated Declarations...................... Chapter 6 - Structures........................................... 6.1 Basics of Structures........................... 6.2 Structures and Functions....................... 6.3 Arrays of Structures........................... 6.4 Pointers to Structures......................... 6.5 Self-referential Structures.................... 6.6 Table Lookup................................... 6.7 Typedef........................................ 6.8 Unions......................................... 6.9 Bit-fields..................................... Chapter 7 - Input and Output..................................... 7.1 Standard Input and Output....................... 7.2 Formatted Output - printf....................... 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists.................. 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf......................... 7.5 File Access..................................... 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit................ 7.7 Line Input and Output........................... 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions......................... 7.8.1 String Operations...................... 7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion. 7.8.3 Ungetc................................. 7.8.4 Command Execution...................... 7.8.5 Storage Management..................... 7.8.6 Mathematical Functions................. 7.8.7 Random Number generation............... Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface............................ 8.1 File Descriptors............................... 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write................. 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink..................... 8.4 Random Access - Lseek.......................... 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc.. 8.6 Example - Listing Directories.................. 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator.................. Appendix A - Reference Manual.................................... A.1 Introduction................................... A.2 Lexical Conventions............................ A.2.1 Tokens................................ A.2.2 Comments.............................. A.2.3 Identifiers........................... A.2.4 Keywords.............................. A.2.5 Constants............................. A.2.6 String Literals....................... A.3 Syntax Notation................................ A.4 Meaning of Identifiers......................... A.4.1 Storage Class......................... A.4.2 Basic Types........................... A.4.3 Derived types......................... A.4.4 Type Qualifiers....................... A.5 Objects and Lvalues............................ A.6 Conversions.................................... A.6.1 Integral Promotion.................... A.6.2 Integral Conversions.................. A.6.3 Integer and Floating.................. A.6.4 Floating Types........................ A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions................ A.6.6 Pointers and Integers................. A.6.7 Void.................................. A.6.8 Pointers to Void...................... A.7 Expressions.................................... A.7.1 Pointer Conversion.................... A.7.2 Primary Expressions................... A.7.3 Postfix Expressions................... A.7.4 Unary Operators....................... A.7.5 Casts................................. A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators.............. A.7.7 Additive Operators.................... A.7.8 Shift Operators....................... A.7.9 Relational Operators.................. A.7.10 Equality Operators................... A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator................. A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator........ A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator........ A.7.14 Logical AND Operator................. A.7.15 Logical OR Operator.................. A.7.16 Conditional Operator................. A.7.17 Assignment Expressions............... A.7.18 Comma Operator.......................... A.7.19 Constant Expressions.................... A.8 Declarations..................................... A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers................. A.8.2 Type Specifiers.......................... A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations......... A.8.4 Enumerations............................. A.8.5 Declarators.............................. A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators................... A.8.7 Initialization........................... A.8.8 Type names............................... A.8.9 Typedef.................................. A.8.10 Type Equivalence........................ A.9 Statements....................................... A.9.1 Labeled Statements....................... A.9.2 Expression Statement..................... A.9.3 Compound Statement....................... A.9.4 Selection Statements..................... A.9.5 Iteration Statements..................... A.9.6 Jump statements.......................... A.10 External Declarations........................... A.10.1 Function Definitions.................... A.10.2 External Declarations................... A.11 Scope and Linkage............................... A.11.1 Lexical Scope........................... A.11.2 Linkage................................. A.12 Preprocessing................................... A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences...................... A.12.2 Line Splicing........................... A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion.......... A.12.4 File Inclusion.......................... A.12.5 Conditional Compilation................. A.12.6 Line Control............................ A.12.7 Error Generation........................ A.12.8 Pragmas................................. A.12.9 Null directive.......................... A.12.10 Predefined names....................... A.13 Grammar......................................... Appendix B - Standard Library.................................... B.1.1 File Operations................................ B.1.2 Formatted Output......................... B.1.3 Formatted Input.......................... B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions..... B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions........ B.1.6 File Positioning Functions............... B.1.7 Error Functions.......................... B.2 Character Class Tests: ................. B.3 String Functions: ..................... B.4 Mathematical Functions: ................. B.5 Utility Functions: ....................
《The C Programming Language》(中文版《C程序设计语言》)是由Brian W. Kernighan和Dennis M. Ritchie合著的一本经典的C程序设计教程。 这本书首次出版于1978年,在C语言诞生不久后就成为了学习C语言的权威教材。它以简洁、清晰的方式介绍了C语言的基础知识和编程技巧,涵盖了C语言的各个方面,通俗易懂,理论结合实践,适合初学者和有一定编程经验的人士阅读。 《C程序设计语言》的第一部分介绍了C语言的基础概念、语法和数据类型,包括变量、运算符、控制流语句等。第二部分则深入讲解了C语言的库函数,如输入输出函数、字符串处理函数和内存管理函数等。书中还提供了许多示例代码和练习题,帮助读者巩固所学知识,并通过实践提高编程能力。 《C程序设计语言》的另一个重要亮点是其简洁的篇幅和清晰的表达方式。作者准确无误地传授了C语言的核心概念,尽可能地避免了冗长复杂的解释。同时,书中还附带了C语言的参考手册和常见问题解答,便于读者随时查阅和解决问题。 无论是想从零开始学习C语言的初学者,还是希望深入了解C语言的高级程序员,都能从《C程序设计语言》中获得实用的知识和技能。这本书已成为许多大学和职业培训机构的教材,被众多程序员奉为经典之作。 总之,《C程序设计语言》是一本精彩的C语言教材,它以其简洁明了的风格和深入浅出的讲解方法,对C语言的初学者和中级程序员都是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。

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