【Python 学习笔记】bitwise operators

can you explain python bitwise operators?

Sure! Bitwise operators in Python are used to perform bit-level operations on integers. They work directly on the binary representation of integers. 

1. Bitwise AND (&)

The bitwise AND operator compares each bit of two numbers. If both bits are 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, it is set to 0.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)
b = 3  # (binary: 0011)

result = a & b  # (binary: 0001)
print(result)  # Output: 1

2. Bitwise OR (|)

The bitwise OR operator compares each bit of two numbers. If at least one of the bits is 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, it is set to 0.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)
b = 3  # (binary: 0011)

result = a | b  # (binary: 0111)
print(result)  # Output: 7

3. Bitwise XOR (^)

The bitwise XOR operator compares each bit of two numbers. If the bits are different, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, it is set to 0.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)
b = 3  # (binary: 0011)

result = a ^ b  # (binary: 0110)
print(result)  # Output: 6

4. Bitwise NOT (~)

The bitwise NOT operator inverts all the bits of the number. In other words, it changes 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)

result = ~a  # (binary: 1010, considering 32-bit representation: -6)
print(result)  # Output: -6

5. Bitwise Left Shift (<<)

The left shift operator shifts the bits of the number to the left by a specified number of positions. Each left shift by one position is equivalent to multiplying the number by 2.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)

result = a << 1  # (binary: 1010)
print(result)  # Output: 10

6. Bitwise Right Shift (>>)

The right shift operator shifts the bits of the number to the right by a specified number of positions. Each right shift by one position is equivalent to dividing the number by 2 and discarding the remainder.

a = 5  # (binary: 0101)

result = a >> 1  # (binary: 0010)
print(result)  # Output: 2

Summary

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representations of integers, allowing for efficient computation at the bit level. Here’s a quick reference:

• &: Bitwise AND
• |: Bitwise OR
• ^: Bitwise XOR
• ~: Bitwise NOT
• <<: Left Shift
• >>: Right Shift

These operators are particularly useful in low-level programming, cryptography, and situations where performance is critical.

Implicit Type Conversion with Bitwise Operations

Python ensures that the operands for bitwise operations are integers. If you try to perform bitwise operations with non-integer operands, Python will raise a TypeError. Therefore, implicit type conversion in the context of bitwise operations usually involves converting types to integers where necessary.

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