tar 命令解析 .tar .gz .bz2

概念

tar

tar 是一种打包的工具。将多个（或者一个，如果你够无聊的话）文件/文件夹打包成为一个文件(使用f 选项指定输出文件， 否则输出到标准输出)。

• 打包一个文件夹

user@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 8 lguo users 129 Jan 28 16:06 original
# 将original文件夹打包成为packet文件
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> tar -cf packet original/
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ll
total 520
drwxr-xr-x 8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
# 由于packet包里面多了些包描述信息，所以大小大了很多
-rw-r--r-- 1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
user@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> 

• 打包一个文件并输出到标准输出

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> echo Hello >test
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> tar -c test
./PaxHeaders.25766/test0000644000000000000000000000013212654603237011673 xustar0030 mtime=1454573215.720304654
30 atime=1454573215.720304654
30 ctime=1454573215.720304654
test0000644000175000001440000000000612654603237012151 0ustar00lguousers00000000000000Hello
#可以看到 ， 包含了文件内容，用户名，文件名等信息, 应该是遵守某种协议

• 打开一个包， 释放文件。

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp>tar -xf packet

gzip

gzip 是一个压缩工具

• 压缩 gzip 将XX文件压缩成为XX.gz

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 1048
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     77 Feb  4 16:23 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> gzip packet.tar 

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 864
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     80 Feb  4 16:24 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 343509 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test

• 解压

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 864
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     80 Feb  4 16:24 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 343509 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> gzip -d packet.tar.gz 
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 1048
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     77 Feb  4 16:26 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test

bzip2

• 压缩解压

lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 1048
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     77 Feb  4 16:26 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> bzip2 packet.tar  
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 868
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     81 Feb  4 16:28 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 347079 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> bzip2 -d packet.tar.bz2 
lguo@linux-xmq3:~/tmp> ls -all
total 1048
drwxr-xr-x  3 lguo users     77 Feb  4 16:28 .
drwxr-xr-x 49 lguo users   4096 Feb  4 16:16 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 lguo users    129 Jan 28 16:06 original
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:02 packet
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users 532480 Feb  4 16:05 packet.tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      0 Feb  4 16:09 tar
-rw-r--r--  1 lguo users      6 Feb  4 16:06 test

tar 命令详解

信息来自 tar –help

基本工作模式

• -A, –catenate, –concatenate append tar files to an archive
  
  • 追加一个tar文件到档案（tar文件）中
• -c, –create create a new archive
  
  • 创建一个新的档案
• -d, –diff, –compare find differences between archive and file system
  
  • 查看档案和文件系统中的不同
• –delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
  
  • 从档案中删除
• -r, –append append files to the end of an archive
  
  • 追加一个文件到档案中
• -t, –list list the contents of an archive
  
  • 列出档案的内容
• –test-label test the archive volume label and exit
  
  • 检测档案是否是合法的tar文件
• -u, –update only append files newer than copy in archive
  
  • 追加有更新的文件到档案中
• -x, –extract, –get extract files from an archive
  
  • 解析出具体文件

选择压缩工具

• -a, –auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression program
• -I, –use-compress-program=PROG
  filter through PROG (must accept -d)
• -j, –bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2
• -J, –xz filter the archive through xz
  
  • –lzip filter the archive through lzip
  • –lzma filter the archive through lzma
  • –lzop
  • –no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the compression program
• -z, –gzip, –gunzip, –ungzip filter the archive through gzip
• -Z, –compress, –uncompress filter the archive through compress

常用

• *.tar 用 tar –xvf 解压
• *.gz 用 gzip -d或者gunzip 解压
• *.tar.gz用 tar –xzf 解压
• *.bz2 用 bzip2 -d或者用bunzip2 解压
• *.tar.bz2用tar –xjf 解压
• *.Z 用 uncompress 解压
• *.tar.Z 用tar –xZf 解压
• *.rar 用 unrar e解压
• *.zip 用 unzip 解压