1.前言
硬件：GD32F450 最高时钟频率200MHZ(外部晶振8MHZ)
软件：KEIL(V5.35)
固件包：GD32F4xx_Firmware_Library_V3.2.0
2.时钟树
时钟配置大概流程如下图红线指示，GD32F470的最高频率可以到240MHZ，GD32F450最高频率可以通过PLL倍频到200MHZ。
预分频器可以配置AHB/APB2/APB1域的时钟频率。AHB/APB2/APB1域的最高时钟频率分别为200MHZ/100MHZ/50MHZ。
3.软件配置
3.1 修改晶振频率
在system_gd32f4xx.c中，需要根据实际使用的外部晶振频率修改__HXTAL的值，也就是HXTAL_VALUE的值，具体在gd32f4xx.h中修改。
#include "gd32f4xx.h"
/* system frequency define */
#define __IRC16M (IRC16M_VALUE) /* internal 16 MHz RC oscillator frequency */
#define __HXTAL (HXTAL_VALUE) /* high speed crystal oscillator frequency */
//#define __SYS_OSC_CLK (__IRC16M) /* main oscillator frequency */
//没有用到
#define __SYS_OSC_CLK (__HXTAL) /* main oscillator frequency */
/* select a system clock by uncommenting the following line */
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_IRC16M (uint32_t)(__IRC16M)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_HXTAL (uint32_t)(__HXTAL)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(200000000)
#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(200000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(200000000)gd32f4xx.h,实际使用的是8MHZ晶振，如果使用的是其他频率的晶振，需要对应修改。很多时候串口通信异常就是时钟频率不对导致的。如果上面的宏定义里面没有自己想要的频率，可以参考官方写好的时钟配置函数来设置PLL_M/PLL_N/PLL_P/PLL_Q。
#ifndef GD32F4XX_H
#define GD32F4XX_H
#ifdef cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/* define GD32F4xx */
#if !defined (GD32F450) && !defined (GD32F405) && !defined (GD32F407)
/* #define GD32F450 */
/* #define GD32F405 */
/* #define GD32F407 */
#endif /* define GD32F4xx */
#if !defined (GD32F450) && !defined (GD32F405) && !defined (GD32F407)
#error "Please select the target GD32F4xx device in gd32f4xx.h file"
#endif /* undefine GD32F4xx tip */
/* define value of high speed crystal oscillator (HXTAL) in Hz */
#if !defined (HXTAL_VALUE)
#define HXTAL_VALUE ((uint32_t)8000000)
#endif /* high speed crystal oscillator value */
/* define startup timeout value of high speed crystal oscillator (HXTAL) */
#if !defined (HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT)
#define HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT ((uint16_t)0x0fff)//0x0800
#endif /* high speed crystal oscillator startup timeout */
3.2 时钟初始化
打开 __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL 宏定义，也可以配置成168MHZ,根据实际情况来配置。系统默认选择的是内部时钟的那个宏定义。
说明： __SYS_OSC_CLK 这个宏定义改不改都没关系，没有用到这个宏。
/* system frequency define */
#define __IRC16M (IRC16M_VALUE) /* internal 16 MHz RC oscillator frequency */
#define __HXTAL (HXTAL_VALUE) /* high speed crystal oscillator frequency */
//#define __SYS_OSC_CLK (__IRC16M) /* main oscillator frequency */
//没有用到
#define __SYS_OSC_CLK (__HXTAL) /* main oscillator frequency */
/* select a system clock by uncommenting the following line */
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_IRC16M (uint32_t)(__IRC16M)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_HXTAL (uint32_t)(__HXTAL)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(120000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(168000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_IRC16M (uint32_t)(200000000)
#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(200000000)
//#define __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_25M_HXTAL (uint32_t)(200000000)
#ifdef __SYSTEM_CLOCK_IRC16M
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_IRC16M;
static void system_clock_16m_irc16m(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_IRC16M)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_IRC16M;
static void system_clock_120m_irc16m(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_8M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_8M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_120m_8m_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_25M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_120M_PLL_25M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_120m_25m_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_IRC16M)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_IRC16M;
static void system_clock_168m_irc16m(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_8M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_8M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_168m_8m_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_25M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_168M_PLL_25M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_168m_25m_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_IRC16M)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_IRC16M;
static void system_clock_200m_irc16m(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_200m_8m_hxtal(void);
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_25M_HXTAL)
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = __SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_25M_HXTAL;
static void system_clock_200m_25m_hxtal(void);
#endif /* __SYSTEM_CLOCK_IRC16M */
/* configure the system clock */
static void system_clock_config(void);
/*!
\brief setup the microcontroller system, initialize the system
\param[in] none
\param[out] none
\retval none
*/
void SystemInit (void)
{
/* FPU settings ------------------------------------------------------------*/
#if (__FPU_PRESENT == 1) && (__FPU_USED == 1)
SCB->CPACR |= ((3UL << 10*2)|(3UL << 11*2)); /* set CP10 and CP11 Full Access */
#endif
/* Reset the RCU clock configuration to the default reset state ------------*/
/* Set IRC16MEN bit */
RCU_CTL |= RCU_CTL_IRC16MEN;
RCU_MODIFY
/* Reset CFG0 register */
RCU_CFG0 = 0x00000000U;
/* Reset HXTALEN, CKMEN and PLLEN bits */
RCU_CTL &= ~(RCU_CTL_PLLEN | RCU_CTL_CKMEN | RCU_CTL_HXTALEN);
/* Reset PLLCFGR register */
RCU_PLL = 0x24003010U;
/* Reset HSEBYP bit */
RCU_CTL &= ~(RCU_CTL_HXTALBPS);
/* Disable all interrupts */
RCU_INT = 0x00000000U;
/* Configure the System clock source, PLL Multiplier and Divider factors,
AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings ----------------------------------*/
system_clock_config();
}在SystemInit()函数最后调用时钟配置函数 system_clock_config()，外部晶振为无源晶振。
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL)
/*!
\brief configure the system clock to 200M by PLL which selects HXTAL(8M) as its clock source
\param[in] none
\param[out] none
\retval none
*/
static void system_clock_200m_8m_hxtal(void)
{
uint32_t timeout = 0U;
uint32_t stab_flag = 0U;
/* enable HXTAL */
RCU_CTL |= RCU_CTL_HXTALEN;
//HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT 默认为0x0800，需要加大等待晶振稳定的时长，改为0x0fff
/* wait until HXTAL is stable or the startup time is longer than HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT */
do{
timeout++;
stab_flag = (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_HXTALSTB);
}while((0U == stab_flag) && (HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT != timeout));
/* if fail */
if(0U == (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_HXTALSTB)){
while(1){
}
}
RCU_APB1EN |= RCU_APB1EN_PMUEN;
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_LDOVS;
/* HXTAL is stable */
/* AHB = SYSCLK */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_AHB_CKSYS_DIV1;
/* APB2 = AHB/2 */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_APB2_CKAHB_DIV2;
/* APB1 = AHB/4 */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_APB1_CKAHB_DIV4;
/* Configure the main PLL, PLL_M = 8, PLL_N = 400, PLL_P = 2, PLL_Q = 9 */
RCU_PLL = (8U | (400U << 6U) | (((2U >> 1U) - 1U) << 16U) |
(RCU_PLLSRC_HXTAL) | (9U << 24U));
/* enable PLL */
RCU_CTL |= RCU_CTL_PLLEN;
/* wait until PLL is stable */
while(0U == (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_PLLSTB)){
}
/* Enable the high-drive to extend the clock frequency to 200 Mhz */
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_HDEN;
while(0U == (PMU_CS & PMU_CS_HDRF)){
}
/* select the high-drive mode */
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_HDS;
while(0U == (PMU_CS & PMU_CS_HDSRF)){
}
/* select PLL as system clock */
RCU_CFG0 &= ~RCU_CFG0_SCS;
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_CKSYSSRC_PLLP;
/* wait until PLL is selected as system clock */
while(0U == (RCU_CFG0 & RCU_SCSS_PLLP)){
}
}避坑指南：在使用GD32F450的时候，时钟配置时，等待外部时钟稳定，HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT，这个宏默认为0x0800，有时候外部晶振在这个超时时间内没有稳定，会导致程序卡死。我这边将这个宏定义修改为0x0FFF,超时时间延长一倍，等待外部晶振稳定。
在gd32f4xx.h中修改HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEUP这个宏的值，默认为0x0800。
/* define GD32F4xx */
#if !defined (GD32F450) && !defined (GD32F405) && !defined (GD32F407)
/* #define GD32F450 */
/* #define GD32F405 */
/* #define GD32F407 */
#endif /* define GD32F4xx */
#if !defined (GD32F450) && !defined (GD32F405) && !defined (GD32F407)
#error "Please select the target GD32F4xx device in gd32f4xx.h file"
#endif /* undefine GD32F4xx tip */
/* define value of high speed crystal oscillator (HXTAL) in Hz */
#if !defined (HXTAL_VALUE)
#define HXTAL_VALUE ((uint32_t)8000000)
#endif /* high speed crystal oscillator value */
/* define startup timeout value of high speed crystal oscillator (HXTAL) */
#if !defined (HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT)
#define HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT ((uint16_t)0x0fff)//0x0800
#endif /* high speed crystal oscillator startup timeout */如果外部晶振使用的是有源晶振，需要修改函数system_clock_200m_8m_hxtal()，在函数最前面添加rcu_osci_bypass_mode_enable(RCU_HXTAL)函数。
#elif defined (__SYSTEM_CLOCK_200M_PLL_8M_HXTAL)
/*!
\brief configure the system clock to 200M by PLL which selects HXTAL(8M) as its clock source
\param[in] none
\param[out] none
\retval none
*/
static void system_clock_200m_8m_hxtal(void)
{
uint32_t timeout = 0U;
uint32_t stab_flag = 0U;
rcu_osci_bypass_mode_enable(RCU_HXTAL);//外部有源晶振
/* enable HXTAL */
RCU_CTL |= RCU_CTL_HXTALEN;
//HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT 默认为0x0800，需要加大等待晶振稳定的时长，改为0x0fff
/* wait until HXTAL is stable or the startup time is longer than HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT */
do{
timeout++;
stab_flag = (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_HXTALSTB);
}while((0U == stab_flag) && (HXTAL_STARTUP_TIMEOUT != timeout));
/* if fail */
if(0U == (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_HXTALSTB)){
while(1){
}
}
RCU_APB1EN |= RCU_APB1EN_PMUEN;
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_LDOVS;
/* HXTAL is stable */
/* AHB = SYSCLK */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_AHB_CKSYS_DIV1;
/* APB2 = AHB/2 */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_APB2_CKAHB_DIV2;
/* APB1 = AHB/4 */
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_APB1_CKAHB_DIV4;
/* Configure the main PLL, PLL_M = 8, PLL_N = 400, PLL_P = 2, PLL_Q = 9 */
RCU_PLL = (8U | (400U << 6U) | (((2U >> 1U) - 1U) << 16U) |
(RCU_PLLSRC_HXTAL) | (9U << 24U));
/* enable PLL */
RCU_CTL |= RCU_CTL_PLLEN;
/* wait until PLL is stable */
while(0U == (RCU_CTL & RCU_CTL_PLLSTB)){
}
/* Enable the high-drive to extend the clock frequency to 200 Mhz */
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_HDEN;
while(0U == (PMU_CS & PMU_CS_HDRF)){
}
/* select the high-drive mode */
PMU_CTL |= PMU_CTL_HDS;
while(0U == (PMU_CS & PMU_CS_HDSRF)){
}
/* select PLL as system clock */
RCU_CFG0 &= ~RCU_CFG0_SCS;
RCU_CFG0 |= RCU_CKSYSSRC_PLLP;
/* wait until PLL is selected as system clock */
while(0U == (RCU_CFG0 & RCU_SCSS_PLLP)){
}
}3.3 时钟频率测试
可以使用rcu_clock_freq_get（）函数来获取时钟
//系统时钟测试
SYS_clk = rcu_clock_freq_get(CK_SYS);//200000000
AHB_clk = rcu_clock_freq_get(CK_AHB);//200000000
APB1_clk = rcu_clock_freq_get(CK_APB1);//50000000
APB2_clk = rcu_clock_freq_get(CK_APB2);//100000000
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