Python importlib

importlib实现了__import__()方法

方法	描述
importlib.__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)	内置__import__()的实现
importlib.import_module(name, package=None)	导入一个module
importlib.find_loader(name, path=None)	Find the loader for a module, optionally within the specified path. If the module is in sys.modules, then sys.modules[name].loader is returned
importlib.invalidate_caches()	清除缓存
importlib.reload(module)	重新载入

例子:

--testpack
	--__init__
	--testmod.py
test.py

testmod.py

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def say(self):
        print(f"hello {self.name}")

test.py

# 常规的调用方法
# import testpack.testmod 
# p = testmod.Person("wang")
# p.say()

# 反射方法,导入模块
# import importlib
# testmod = importlib.import_module("testpack.testmod") # 反射导入模块(.py)
# p = testmod.Person('wang')
# p.say()

# 反射方法,导入模块和类
import importlib
testmod = importlib.import_module("testpack.testmod") # 反射导入模块(.py)
Person = getattr(testmod,"Person") # 反射导入模块中的类
p = Person("wang")
p.say()

例子

app.py

from utils import send_msgs
send_msgs('.....')

settings.py

MSG_LIST = [
    "utils.email.Email",
    "utils.msg.Msg",
    "utils.wechat.WeChat",
]

utils.__init__.py

import settings
import importlib

def send_msgs(msg):
    """
    导入设置里配置的功能
    :param msg:
    :return:
    """
    for path in settings.MSG_LIST:
        m,c = path.rsplit('.',maxsplit=1)  # 切分配置里的模块路径(注意不是文件路径)
        md = importlib.import_module(m)  # 导入模块,类似于java中的反射机制
        obj = getattr(md,c)()  # 获得模块的里的类,后面加()实例化
        obj.send(msg)  # 调用类的方法

base.py

class Base(object):

    def send(self,msg):
        raise NotImplementedError('...') # 这样写相当于java中的接口

msg.py

from .base import Base

class Msg(Base):
    def send(self, msg):
        print("发送短信"+msg)

email.py

from .base import Base
class Email(Base):
    def send(self,msg):
        print("发送邮件"+msg)

wechat.py

from .base import Base
class WeChat(Base):
    def send(self,msg):
        print("发微信"+msg)