Lesson 16： SDK文档：Tutorial 5 3D Transformation分析

中文翻译文档：
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6e1283650101cwy7.html

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深度缓存：

没有它的话，在比较小的轨道中，第二个立方体将总是绘制在第一个立方体的上面，即使当它旋转到第一个立方体的后面的时候。深度缓冲区允许Direct3D检测画在屏幕上每个像素的深度。在Direct3D 11中的默认操作是将要画的每个像素和已经在屏幕上的对应像素的深度进行比较。如果当前像素深度小于等于对应像素的深度，当前像素将覆盖原来的像素。另一方面，如果当前像素深度大于对应像素的深度，当前像素将被丢弃，原来像素保持不变。

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头文件：

#include <windows.h>
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dx11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <xnamath.h>
#include "resource.h"

结构体声明：

struct SimpleVertex
{
    XMFLOAT3 Pos;
    XMFLOAT4 Color;
};


struct ConstantBuffer
{
    XMMATRIX mWorld;
    XMMATRIX mView;
    XMMATRIX mProjection;
};

全局变量声明：

HINSTANCE               g_hInst = NULL; //实例句柄
HWND                    g_hWnd = NULL;  //窗口句柄
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE         g_driverType = D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_NULL;    //驱动类型
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL       g_featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;    //特征等级
ID3D11Device*           g_pd3dDevice = NULL;    //设备接口指针
ID3D11DeviceContext*    g_pImmediateContext = NULL; //设备上下文接口指针
IDXGISwapChain*         g_pSwapChain = NULL;    //交换链接口指针
ID3D11RenderTargetView* g_pRenderTargetView = NULL; //渲染目标视图指针
ID3D11Texture2D*        g_pDepthStencil = NULL; //深度模板接口指针
ID3D11DepthStencilView* g_pDepthStencilView = NULL; //深度模板视图接口指针
ID3D11VertexShader*     g_pVertexShader = NULL; //顶点着色器接口指针
ID3D11PixelShader*      g_pPixelShader = NULL;  //像素着色器接口指针
ID3D11InputLayout*      g_pVertexLayout = NULL; //顶点布局接口指针
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pVertexBuffer = NULL; //顶点缓存接口指针
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pIndexBuffer = NULL;  //索引缓存接口指针
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pConstantBuffer = NULL;   //常量数据缓存接口指针
XMMATRIX                g_World1;   //第一个立方体的世界矩阵
XMMATRIX                g_World2;   //第二个立方体的世界矩阵
XMMATRIX                g_View; //视图矩阵
XMMATRIX                g_Projection;   //投影矩阵

函数声明：

HRESULT InitWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow );
HRESULT InitDevice();
void CleanupDevice();
LRESULT CALLBACK    WndProc( HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM );
void Render();

程序入口点函数：

int WINAPI wWinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow )
{
    // ...
}

窗口初始化函数：

HRESULT InitWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow )
{
    // ...
}

辅助编译着色器函数：

HRESULT CompileShaderFromFile( WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut )
{
    // ...
}

设备初始化函数：

HRESULT InitDevice()
{
    HRESULT hr = S_OK;

    RECT rc;
    GetClientRect( g_hWnd, &rc );
    UINT width = rc.right - rc.left;
    UINT height = rc.bottom - rc.top;

    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
#ifdef _DEBUG
    createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif

    D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] =
    {
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE,
    };
    UINT numDriverTypes = ARRAYSIZE( driverTypes );

    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =
    {
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
    };
    UINT numFeatureLevels = ARRAYSIZE( featureLevels );

    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
    ZeroMemory( &sd, sizeof( sd ) );
    sd.BufferCount = 1;
    sd.BufferDesc.Width = width;
    sd.BufferDesc.Height = height;
    sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
    sd.OutputWindow = g_hWnd;
    sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    sd.Windowed = TRUE;

    for( UINT driverTypeIndex = 0; driverTypeIndex < numDriverTypes; driverTypeIndex++ )
    {
        g_driverType = driverTypes[driverTypeIndex];
        hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain( NULL, g_driverType, NULL, createDeviceFlags, featureLevels, numFeatureLevels,
                                            D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &g_featureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext );
        if( SUCCEEDED( hr ) )
            break;
    }
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Create a render target view
    ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = NULL;
    hr = g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer( 0, __uuidof( ID3D11Texture2D ), ( LPVOID* )&pBackBuffer );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView( pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_pRenderTargetView );
    pBackBuffer->Release();
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // 创建深度模板
    // Create depth stencil texture
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC descDepth;
    ZeroMemory( &descDepth, sizeof(descDepth) );
    descDepth.Width = width;
    descDepth.Height = height;
    descDepth.MipLevels = 1;
    descDepth.ArraySize = 1;
    descDepth.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    descDepth.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    descDepth.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    descDepth.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    descDepth.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    descDepth.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    descDepth.MiscFlags = 0;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateTexture2D( &descDepth, NULL, &g_pDepthStencil );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // 创建深度缓存
    // Create the depth stencil view
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC descDSV;
    ZeroMemory( &descDSV, sizeof(descDSV) );
    descDSV.Format = descDepth.Format;
    descDSV.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    descDSV.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateDepthStencilView( g_pDepthStencil, &descDSV, &g_pDepthStencilView );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // 设置深度缓存
    g_pImmediateContext->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &g_pRenderTargetView, g_pDepthStencilView );

    // Setup the viewport
    D3D11_VIEWPORT vp;
    vp.Width = (FLOAT)width;
    vp.Height = (FLOAT)height;
    vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    vp.TopLeftX = 0;
    vp.TopLeftY = 0;
    g_pImmediateContext->RSSetViewports( 1, &vp );

    // Compile the vertex shader
    ID3DBlob* pVSBlob = NULL;
    hr = CompileShaderFromFile( L"Tutorial05 d3d11.fx", "VS", "vs_4_0", &pVSBlob );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
    {
        MessageBox( NULL,
                    L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK );
        return hr;
    }

    // Create the vertex shader
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexShader( pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pVertexShader );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
    {   
        pVSBlob->Release();
        return hr;
    }

    // Define the input layout
    D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =
    {
        { "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
        { "COLOR", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
    };
    UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE( layout );

    // Create the input layout
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateInputLayout( layout, numElements, pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(),
                                          pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &g_pVertexLayout );
    pVSBlob->Release();
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Set the input layout
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout( g_pVertexLayout );

    // Compile the pixel shader
    ID3DBlob* pPSBlob = NULL;
    hr = CompileShaderFromFile( L"Tutorial05 d3d11.fx", "PS", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
    {
        MessageBox( NULL,
                    L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK );
        return hr;
    }

    // Create the pixel shader
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader( pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShader );
    pPSBlob->Release();
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Create vertex buffer
    SimpleVertex vertices[] =
    {
        { XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },
        { XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },
    };
    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;
    ZeroMemory( &bd, sizeof(bd) );
    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof( SimpleVertex ) * 8;
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData;
    ZeroMemory( &InitData, sizeof(InitData) );
    InitData.pSysMem = vertices;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, &InitData, &g_pVertexBuffer );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Set vertex buffer
    UINT stride = sizeof( SimpleVertex );
    UINT offset = 0;
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &g_pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset );

    // Create index buffer
    WORD indices[] =
    {
        3,1,0,
        2,1,3,

        0,5,4,
        1,5,0,

        3,4,7,
        0,4,3,

        1,6,5,
        2,6,1,

        2,7,6,
        3,7,2,

        6,4,5,
        7,4,6,
    };
    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof( WORD ) * 36;        // 36 vertices needed for 12 triangles in a triangle list
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    InitData.pSysMem = indices;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, &InitData, &g_pIndexBuffer );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Set index buffer
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer( g_pIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0 );

    // Set primitive topology
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology( D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST );

    // Create the constant buffer
    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(ConstantBuffer);
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, NULL, &g_pConstantBuffer );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Initialize the world matrix
    // 初始化两个立方体各自的世界矩阵
    g_World1 = XMMatrixIdentity();
    g_World2 = XMMatrixIdentity();

    // Initialize the view matrix
    XMVECTOR Eye = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, -5.0f, 0.0f );
    XMVECTOR At = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    XMVECTOR Up = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    g_View = XMMatrixLookAtLH( Eye, At, Up );

    // Initialize the projection matrix
    g_Projection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( XM_PIDIV2, width / (FLOAT)height, 0.01f, 100.0f );

    return S_OK;
}

清除设备：

void CleanupDevice()
{
    if( g_pImmediateContext ) g_pImmediateContext->ClearState();

    if( g_pConstantBuffer ) g_pConstantBuffer->Release();
    if( g_pVertexBuffer ) g_pVertexBuffer->Release();
    if( g_pIndexBuffer ) g_pIndexBuffer->Release();
    if( g_pVertexLayout ) g_pVertexLayout->Release();
    if( g_pVertexShader ) g_pVertexShader->Release();
    if( g_pPixelShader ) g_pPixelShader->Release(); 
    if( g_pDepthStencil ) g_pDepthStencil->Release(); //新增接口
    if( g_pDepthStencilView ) g_pDepthStencilView->Release(); //新增接口
    if( g_pRenderTargetView ) g_pRenderTargetView->Release();
    if( g_pSwapChain ) g_pSwapChain->Release();
    if( g_pImmediateContext ) g_pImmediateContext->Release();
    if( g_pd3dDevice ) g_pd3dDevice->Release();
}

窗口过程函数：

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
    // ...
}

渲染函数：

void Render()
{
    // Update our time
    static float t = 0.0f;
    if( g_driverType == D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE )
    {
        t += ( float )XM_PI * 0.0125f;
    }
    else
    {
        static DWORD dwTimeStart = 0;
        DWORD dwTimeCur = GetTickCount();
        if( dwTimeStart == 0 )
            dwTimeStart = dwTimeCur;
        t = ( dwTimeCur - dwTimeStart ) / 1000.0f;
    }

    // 第一个立方体
    // 1st Cube: Rotate around the origin 
    // 沿Y轴旋转
    g_World1 = XMMatrixRotationY( t );

    // 第二个立方体: 
    // 2nd Cube:  Rotate around origin
    // 自转矩阵：沿Z轴旋转
    XMMATRIX mSpin = XMMatrixRotationZ( -t );
    // 公转矩阵：沿Y轴旋转
    XMMATRIX mOrbit = XMMatrixRotationY( -t * 2.0f );
    // 平移矩阵：沿x轴移动-4
    XMMATRIX mTranslate = XMMatrixTranslation( -4.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    // 缩放矩阵：各方向缩放0.3倍
    XMMATRIX mScale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f );

    // 它的世界矩阵为上述矩阵相乘
    // mScale，mSpin，mTranslate，mOrbit连乘顺序不能发生变换
    // 顺序发生改变，相应的效果也就发生了变化
     g_World2 = mScale * mSpin * mTranslate * mOrbit;

    //
    // Clear the back buffer
    //
    float ClearColor[4] = { 0.0f, 0.125f, 0.3f, 1.0f }; //red, green, blue, alpha
    g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView( g_pRenderTargetView, ClearColor );

    // 与渲染目标类似，在渲染之前必须清空深度缓冲区。
    // 它确保之前的像素深度不会影响到当前帧的绘制，因为相对于当前帧，上一帧遗留的深度是无效的，必须被丢弃。
    //
    // Clear the depth buffer to 1.0 (max depth)
    //
    g_pImmediateContext->ClearDepthStencilView( g_pDepthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0 );

    // 更新第一个立方体的静态缓冲
    //
    // Update variables for the first cube
    //
    ConstantBuffer cb1;
    cb1.mWorld = XMMatrixTranspose( g_World1 );
    cb1.mView = XMMatrixTranspose( g_View );
    cb1.mProjection = XMMatrixTranspose( g_Projection );
    g_pImmediateContext->UpdateSubresource( g_pConstantBuffer, 0, NULL, &cb1, 0, 0 );

    // 渲染第一个立方体
    //
    // Render the first cube
    //
    g_pImmediateContext->VSSetShader( g_pVertexShader, NULL, 0 );
    g_pImmediateContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &g_pConstantBuffer );
    g_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader( g_pPixelShader, NULL, 0 );
    g_pImmediateContext->DrawIndexed( 36, 0, 0 );

    // 更新第二个立方体的静态缓冲
    //
    // Update variables for the second cube
    //
    ConstantBuffer cb2;
    cb2.mWorld = XMMatrixTranspose( g_World2 );
    cb2.mView = XMMatrixTranspose( g_View );
    cb2.mProjection = XMMatrixTranspose( g_Projection );
    g_pImmediateContext->UpdateSubresource( g_pConstantBuffer, 0, NULL, &cb2, 0, 0 );

    // 渲染第二个立方体
    //
    // Render the second cube
    //
    g_pImmediateContext->DrawIndexed( 36, 0, 0 );

    //
    // Present our back buffer to our front buffer
    //
    g_pSwapChain->Present( 0, 0 );
}