Oracle10g常用语句

 

1．  数据类型：

       字符类型：char(标准通用拉丁字符),nchar(汉字等其他字符),varchar2(长度可变长字符),nvarchar2,long;

数字类型：number(通用),integer,float

日期和时间：date,timestamps(分秒，时区)

行：rowid(逻辑地址),urowid（逻辑地址，内存地址）;

二进制:raw(size)(原始二进制数据),long raw,blob(二进制大型对象;最大4G字节),clob(字符大型对象),nclob,bfile;

2.oracle WEB管理页面：localhost:5560/isqlplus; localhost:5500/em

3.net设置远程测试：tnsping datebasename；远程连接:sqlplus name/password@datebasename;

4.创建表空间：create tablespace test

datafile 'test.dbf' size 10m autoextend on next 2m

maxsize unlimited

logging

permanent

extent management local autoallocate

blocksize 8k

segment space management manuaL;//段空间

5．创建用户并连接： create user "TEST" identified by "TEST"

default tablespace TEST

temporary tablespace TEMP

quota unlimited on TEST

quota unlimited on TEMP

grant "connect" to test//分配基本权限。

conn test/test;

6．重设用户密码：

      scott/tiger为默认用户，

      alter user scott identified by tiger;

      解锁：alter user scott account unlock;

7.sql脚本的执行：@路径/filename.sql;

8.创建表：create table t1(c1 type 约束,c2 type 约束（not null,unique,check,primary key））

9.查询：select distinct c1 from t1 where 条件 group by c1 having by 子条件order by c1;

10.连接字符串：select c1 (as可省) 列1 ||c2 from t1;

11.单行函数：select lower(c1) from t1；upper全大写，initcap第一个字母大写，length；

12.select Sysdate from dual(系统默认的空表)显示系统时间,months_between(date,date);

13.round(数据,5位数),to_date(1997-10-11,’yyyy-mm-dd’)，to_char()函数使用要转换。

14.nvl(c1,0)把字段为空的值换为0，nvl2(c1,1,0)不空的为1，空的值为0；

15.操作符：

    比较：=，<>,>=,<=,>,<；逻辑：and,or,not

    其他：in/not in,between..and..,is null/is not null,like，exists/not exists；

     Eg:select count(distinct c1) as 种类 from t1 where c1 like ‘%l%’(模糊查询如m_n)(c1 between 10 and 100) group by c1 order by c1 desc，c2 desc（不写就默认asc）

16.聚合函数：count(*)返回所有行的记录数,min(c1),max(c1),sum(c1),avg(c1);

Eg:select c1,count(*) from t1 group by c1 having by count(*)>1;(having不能用变量申明);等价于select c1,count(*) as cn from t1 group by c1 where cn>1;

17.声明主键和check：一.create table t1(c1 primary key)

二.创建表的时候指定限制的名称:create table t1(c1  constraint pk_emp primary key);

三：create table t1(emp_no number not null , constraint pk_emp primary key(emp_no))； 为已经存在的表增加主键:alter table t1 add constraint pk_emp2 primary key (c1)；

创建check: create table t1(budget number(7),constraint CHK_PROJ check(budget>10000 and budget<1000000))

18.创建外键: create table t1(dept_no varchar2(4) not null, constraint fk_emp foreign key (dept_no) references t2(dept_no), 对已经存在表创建外键:alter table t1

add constraint foreign_work_emp foreign key(c1) references t2(c1)；

  删除一个外键alter table t1 drop constraint foreign_work_emp；

19.删除表：drop table t1; 查看回收站:show recyclebin; 清空回收站 purge recyclebin;

从回收站中恢复数据表:flashback table t1 to before drop;

20.更新数据操作：插入记录：insert into t1(c1,c2)values(‘’,’’)；

插入一字段:insert into t1(c1,c2) select c3,c4 from t2;

更新记录：update t1   set c1=’’ where ;

删除记录：delete from t1 where;truncate table t1;drop table t1;

21.合并查询：intersect(select * intersect select *),union(去掉空),union all(包括空),minus（减集）;

22.多表查询:select * from t1,t2;(笛卡尔集c1行*c2行)；select * from t1 join t2 using(num);等价于select * from t1 inner join t2 on(t1.no=t2.no);join逻辑连接，只连接有联系的字段，full join物理机械连接，out join,left out join(右边变成空),right out join;

23．控制语句：select emp_no, case project_no

  when 'p1' then case when enter_date<to_date('1997-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')then '三室'

  when enter_date>to_date('1998-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')then '等两年'//时间非字段时间型

       else '两室一厅'end

  when 'p2' then case when enter_date<to_date('1997-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')

       then '三室两厅' when enter_date>to_date('1998-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd')

       then '看情况再分' else ' 一室一厅'end

end as 分房情况from works_on；

if then end if,loop end loop,declare type *,while( )loop end loop,case when then end

24.嵌套查询select c1 from t1 where c2 in(select c2 from t2 where c3=(select c3 from t3))

25．Pl/sql语言：

    模块语法和流程控制:(头控制符没有标点;尾控制符都有;)

26．序列Sequence.

          create sequence se_1  increment by 1  start with 100

maxvalue 999999 //minvalue n --表示序列可以生成的最小值(降序).  cycle;//到头自动循环

          查看：select se_1.nextval from dual;

                    select se_1.currval from dual;（必先next初始化）

          使用：create table stu1(stu_no number(10) not null,stu_name varchar2(20) not null);

                   insert into stu1(stu_no,stu_name) values(se_1.nextval,'joi');

          修改序列：alter sequence <sequencen_name>//start with 语句不能用了，否则重复定义

          删除序号：drop sequence <sequence_name>；

          自动序列：rownum

                select * from t1 where rownum<5;

               select * from(select rownum as a,e.* from t1 e)where a=3//单行必先关联，e为表的别名

27．创建视图

       create or replace view v1 as

使用视图：select * from v1;

28．创建函数：

       create or replace function get_maxe_empno return varchar2   is

           begin  //可执行语句

               select max(emp_no) into tmpvar from employee;//把取出的值赋给一个变量

               return tmpvar;//函数的重要特征就是通过return语句来传递参数

             end get_maxe_empno;

        使用：select get_maxe_empno() from dual;

        数字字典：select distinct(name) from user_source where type='FUNCTION'

        从数字字典里查找信息：select text from all_source where name='GET_MAXE_EMPNO';

        删除函数：drop function get_maxe_empno;

29.过程：

       create or replace procedure sp_test

(fname in varchar2, update_count out int)//参数列表是过程的特征  is

             cursor emp_cursor//定义游标

            is

            select emp_no from employee where employee.emp_fname=fname;//输入in

        begin        //   可执行语句

    update_count:=0;

    for emp_rec in emp_cursor

    loop

            update employee set emp_fname=emp_lname,emp_lname=fname

    where employee.emp_no=emp_rec.emp_no;update_count:=update_count+1;

    end loop;commit;//控制语句，强制执行

        end；//过程可以有in/out变量

         查看过程：

                  select distinct(name) from user_source where type='PROCEDURE'

                  select text from all_source where name='SP_TEST' order by line;

         使用过程：

                 declare fname varchar2(200);

update_count number;

begin

fname:='John';update_count:=0;

sp_test(fname,update_count);commit;dbms_output.put_line(update_count);

end;

declare icount number;

begin

icount :=0;

for mycount in reverse 0..10//mycount 为自定义变量

---while(icount<100)

Loop   icount :=icount+10;

---exit when(icount>100);

if(mycount>5) then

  dbms_output.put_line('result='||icount);//流程输出语句

end if;

end loop;

end; //(set serverout on才能输出)tmpvar varchar2(20);//局部变量声明

30.触发器：create or replace trigger tgr_emp_change

after insert or update or delete on employee

     referencing new as n old as o// :new为引用最新列值; :old为引用以前列值;

   for each row

begin

      if inserting then

     insert into emp_update_info(emp_no,oper_type) values(:n.emp_no,1);

     end if;

     if updating then  // updating为触发器的操作符；

     insert into emp_update_info(emp_no,oper_type) values(:o.emp_no,3);

     end if;

end;

建表：create table emp_update_info(emp_no varchar2(20) not null,oper_type integer);

查看trigger：select distinct( name ) from user_source where type='TRIGGER';

对employee的操作就自动出发的emp_update_info

31．声明包：create or replace package pkg_test as

function get_max_empno   return varchar2;//子程序说明，公共对象声明

procedure sp_test(fname in varchar2,update_count out int);

end pkg_test;

创建包体:create or replace package body pkg_test  as // is也行

          function get_max_empno return varchar2   as //公共类型与对象声明

           tmpvar    varchar2(20);//公共类型和对象声明，  

        begin   // 语句体中是初始化语句，特殊用途

           select max(emp_no) into tmpvar from employee; return tmpvar;

        end get_max_empno;

         //子程序主体部分

          procedure sp_test(fname in varchar2,update_count out int) is

           cursor emp_cursor  is

           select emp_no from employee where employee.emp_fname = fname;

          begin

           update_count := 0;

           for emp_rec in emp_cursor

           loop

           update employee set emp_fname = emp_lname, emp_lname = fname

           where employee.emp_no = emp_rec.emp_no;

           update_count := update_count + 1;

           end loop;

           commit;//强制执行

  end;

end pkg_test;

查看定义的package：select distinct( name ) from user_source where type='PACKAGE'

使用package中的对象：select pkg_test.get_max_empno from dual;

32．数据库设计：业务规则和流程—实体和关系—ER图（一对一，一对多，出现多对多进行拆分）—SQL语句—视图和索引—储存过程和触发器—维护。