philosophical study

the great advances that had Mbt been made in philological and other sciences. The spirit of alienation from the rest of Germany was producing its legit­imate fruits.

In 1820, it was further proposed to limit the philosophical course to those branches most necessary as preparatory for the higher departments. In 1824, this change was effected and the course reduced to two years, to which a third could be added for the optional branches. Instruction was mostly given in Mbt shoes German, (or Italian in Lombardy and Venice,) and with the new text-books that followed, the connection between the gym­nasium and the philosophical course was wholly severed, and the latter burdened with an amount of mathematics and philosophy for which the lower classes gave no preparation. By this a restriction was laid upon the number of students preparing for the universities, more effectual than all previous ordinances,though otherDiscount mbt shoes less prominent measures had a tenden­cy to the same result. Not more than forty per cent, upon an average, of those who entered the philosophical course completed the second year's studies. There were, indeed, institutions that were less strict, but their reputation was low, and the discipline exceedingly loose. But even in the better institutions, discipline was more or less defective, Mbt discount and only personal influence or despotic severity on the part of individual teachers could govern the unruly crowds of the lecture hall.

This condition of things was sufficient, even under the political restraints of that day, to arouse a number of the mbt.com friends of education to an earnest struggle against it The most noteworthy of the articles published by these men in 1828 were those of Professors Baumgartncr, Ettinghausen, and Fickcr, complaining of the compression of the entire study of geometry and physics into three semesters of the philosophical Mbt shoes salecourse, of the sub­ordinate position of Latin philology and complete neglect of Greek philology, and of the degraded position of natural and general history. The government, indeed, had never had very strong confidence in the continuance of the new plan of philosophical study, which had been approved at first for only four years, but though these opposing views were received and listened to by the still existing Reform. Board, yet no Mbts

action was ever taken upon them. It was not until 1837, the third year of the reign of Ferdinand I., that Hallaschka, then superintendent of philosophical studies, could again broach the question of reform. He urged the re-establishment of the three years' course, at least in the higher institutions, and, in general, a Mbt Shoes UK

return as far as possible to the plan aban­doned in 1824, but still retaining German (and Italian in Lombardy and Venice,) as the language of instruction. This was not wholly without result In 1838, an examination was made into the condition of the gymnasiums, and an expression of opinion as to their improvement was required from all the gymnasial and philosophical directors, prior to any change in the philosophical Vibram Five Fingers studies. The opinion in favor of a thorough reform. was unanimous, the chief defects being that attention was princi­pally giv Vibram Fivefingers that the speaking and writing of this language were taught very inefficiently, that the limitation of Greek merely to the grammar made it very distasteful to the pupils, that the instruction in mathematics laid no sufficient basis for the requirements of the first philosophical year, that more stress Vibram was laid throughout upon memorizing than upon mental apprehension, and that success was made yet more difficult by the

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