1. A m × n A_{m\times n} Am×n的矩阵 A = [ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ] A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {a_{12}} & {\cdots} & {a_{1 n}} \\ {a_{21}} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {a_{2 n}} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1}} & {a_{m 2}} & {\cdots} & {a_{m n}}\end{array}\right] A=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
$$
A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {a_{12}} & {\cdots} & {a_{1 n}} \\ {a_{21}} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {a_{2 n}} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1}} & {a_{m 2}} & {\cdots} & {a_{m n}}\end{array}\right]
$$
2.矩阵与向量相乘 A ⋅ x ⃗ = ( a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ⋯ + a 1 n x n a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ⋯ + a 2 n x n ⋮ a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ⋯ + a m n x n ) A \cdot \vec{x}=\left(\begin{array}{c}{a_{11} x_{1}+a_{12} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{1 n} x_{n}} \\ {a_{21} x_{1}+a_{22} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{2 n} x_{n}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1} x_{1}+a_{m 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{m n} x_{n}}\end{array}\right) A⋅x=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎛a11x1+a12x2+⋯+a1nxna21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn⋮am1x1+am2x2+⋯+amnxn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎞
$$
A \cdot \vec{x}=\left(\begin{array}{c}{a_{11} x_{1}+a_{12} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{1 n} x_{n}} \\ {a_{21} x_{1}+a_{22} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{2 n} x_{n}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1} x_{1}+a_{m 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{m n} x_{n}}\end{array}\right)
$$
3.特征表示 A x = λ x A x=\lambda x Ax=λx
$$
A x=\lambda x
$$
4.矩阵相似 A = P − 1 B P A=P^{-1} B P A=P−1BP
$$
A=P^{-1} B P
$$
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