用OpenSceneGraph实现的NeHe OpenGL教程 - 第二课

这节课主要工作是在场景中添加一个三角形和一个四边形。本节新增加一个函数buildScene，这个函数将在场景中创建一个三角形和一个四边形。

• osg场景介绍

在添加场景之前，先对osg的场景结果有一个了解，osg采用场景树的方式来组织场景，如下图所示：

场景已节点(Node)的方式来组织，包括组节点Group（用来管理节点），空间变换节点(MatrixTransform)，细节层次节点(LOD)，选择开关节点(Switch)等等。

最底层的节点一般是Geode节点类型（称为叶节点），Geode节点类型中包含需要绘制的各种Drawable（包括各种几何体、文字等都称为可绘制对象），叶节点用来管理和查询可绘制对象：常用的接口有：

        bool addDrawable( Drawable *drawable );
        bool removeDrawable( Drawable *drawable );
        bool removeDrawables(unsigned int i,unsigned int numDrawablesToRemove=1);
        bool replaceDrawable( Drawable *origDraw, Drawable *newDraw );
        bool setDrawable( unsigned int i, Drawable* drawable );
        unsigned int getNumDrawables() const 
        Drawable* getDrawable( unsigned int i )
        const Drawable* getDrawable( unsigned int i ) const

在本课中，我们需要引入MatrixTransform节点来完成对三角形和四边形的变换操作。

• 绘制几何体

首先看一下可绘制对象Drawable的继承关系图

在本例中我们需要绘制一个几何体，即osg::Geometry对象，为此我们需要定义Geometry的顶点坐标，纹理，法线等

	//设置三角形的平移(glTranslate)
	osg::MatrixTransform *triangleMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
	triangleMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(-1.5, 0.0, -6.0));
	
	osg::Geometry *triangleGeometry = new osg::Geometry;
	
	//设置三角形顶点
	osg::Vec3Array *triangleVertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleGeometry->setVertexArray(triangleVertexArray);

	//设置三角形颜色
	osg::Vec4Array *triangleColorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;
	triangleColorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
	triangleGeometry->setColorArray(triangleColorArray);
	triangleGeometry->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);

	triangleGeometry->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::TRIANGLES, 0, 3));
	osg::Geode *triangleGeode = new osg::Geode;
	//关闭光照
	triangleGeode->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);
	triangleGeode->addDrawable(triangleGeometry);
	triangleMT->addChild(triangleGeode);

可以看到代码中用MatrixTransform来完成平移操作，用Geode节点管理需要绘制的可绘制对象(Geometry) 。 由于 在NeHe OpenGL中没有开启光照，因此在此处的代码也关闭了场景中的关照。在绘制三角形时采用了DrawArrays的方式，类似于OpenGL中的glDrawArrays的方法(Vertex Array)。

下面的代码是绘制四边形的代码，与上面三角形的代码类似，只是采用了DrawElement的方式绘制，类似于OpenGL中的glDrawElements

	osg::MatrixTransform *quadMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
	quadMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(1.5, 0.0, -6.0));
	osg::Geometry *quadGeometry = new osg::Geometry;
	osg::Vec3Array *quadVertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadGeometry->setVertexArray(quadVertexArray);

	osg::Vec4Array *quadColorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;
	quadColorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
	quadGeometry->setColorArray(quadColorArray);
	quadGeometry->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);

	osg::DrawElementsUByte *vertexIndices = new osg::DrawElementsUByte(osg::PrimitiveSet::QUADS, 4);
	vertexIndices->push_back(0);
	vertexIndices->push_back(1);
	vertexIndices->push_back(2);
	vertexIndices->push_back(3);
	quadGeometry->addPrimitiveSet(vertexIndices);
	osg::Geode *quadGeode = new osg::Geode;
	quadGeode->addDrawable(quadGeometry);
	quadMT->addChild(quadGeode);

最后将场景加载到Group根节点

osg::Group *root = new osg::Group;
root->addChild(triangleMT);
root->addChild(quadMT);

另外一个需要注意的地方：在程序中我没有用到osg中的操作器，为了让我们的视点在OpenGL的默认位置，在创建相机的时候需要设置一下相机的位置，如下：

//修正：OpenGL默认的视点位置和世界坐标原点重合，因此第一个参数的eye位置是(0,0,0)，在本系列教程中之前错误设置为(0,0,1)，在此指出。由于代码太多，请读者自行修改后面代码
camera->setViewMatrixAsLookAt(osg::Vec3(0, 0, 0), osg::Vec3(0, 0, -1), osg::Vec3(0, 1, 0));

编译运行程序，熟悉的图形出现了：

附：本课源码(源码中可能存在错误和不足，仅供参考)

#include "../osgNeHe.h"

#include <QtCore/QTimer>
#include <QtGui/QApplication>
#include <QtGui/QVBoxLayout>

#include <osgViewer/Viewer>
#include <osgDB/ReadFile>
#include <osgQt/GraphicsWindowQt>

#include <osg/MatrixTransform>


class ViewerWidget : public QWidget, public osgViewer::Viewer
{
public:
	ViewerWidget(osg::Node *scene = NULL)
	{
		QWidget* renderWidget = getRenderWidget( createGraphicsWindow(0,0,100,100), scene);

		QVBoxLayout* layout = new QVBoxLayout;
		layout->addWidget(renderWidget);
		layout->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 1);
		setLayout( layout );

		connect( &_timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(update()) );
		_timer.start( 10 );
	}

	QWidget* getRenderWidget( osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* gw, osg::Node* scene )
	{
		osg::Camera* camera = this->getCamera();
		camera->setGraphicsContext( gw );

		const osg::GraphicsContext::Traits* traits = gw->getTraits();

		camera->setClearColor( osg::Vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) );
		camera->setViewport( new osg::Viewport(0, 0, traits->width, traits->height) );
		camera->setProjectionMatrixAsPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<double>(traits->width)/static_cast<double>(traits->height), 0.1f, 100.0f );
		camera->setViewMatrixAsLookAt(osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 1), osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 0), osg::Vec3d(0, 1, 0));

		this->setSceneData( scene );

		return gw->getGLWidget();
	}

	osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* createGraphicsWindow( int x, int y, int w, int h, const std::string& name="", bool windowDecoration=false )
	{
		osg::DisplaySettings* ds = osg::DisplaySettings::instance().get();
		osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext::Traits> traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits;
		traits->windowName = name;
		traits->windowDecoration = windowDecoration;
		traits->x = x;
		traits->y = y;
		traits->width = w;
		traits->height = h;
		traits->doubleBuffer = true;
		traits->alpha = ds->getMinimumNumAlphaBits();
		traits->stencil = ds->getMinimumNumStencilBits();
		traits->sampleBuffers = ds->getMultiSamples();
		traits->samples = ds->getNumMultiSamples();

		return new osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt(traits.get());
	}

	virtual void paintEvent( QPaintEvent* event )
	{ 
		frame(); 
	}

protected:

	QTimer _timer;
};



osg::Node*	buildScene()
{
	osg::Group *root = new osg::Group;

	//设置三角形的平移(glTranslate)
	osg::MatrixTransform *triangleMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
	triangleMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(-1.5, 0.0, -6.0));
	
	osg::Geometry *triangleGeometry = new osg::Geometry;
	
	//设置三角形顶点
	osg::Vec3Array *triangleVertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	triangleGeometry->setVertexArray(triangleVertexArray);

	//设置三角形颜色
	osg::Vec4Array *triangleColorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;
	triangleColorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
	triangleGeometry->setColorArray(triangleColorArray);
	triangleGeometry->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);

	triangleGeometry->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::TRIANGLES, 0, 3));
	osg::Geode *triangleGeode = new osg::Geode;
	//关闭光照
	triangleGeode->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);
	triangleGeode->addDrawable(triangleGeometry);
	triangleMT->addChild(triangleGeode);

	//四边形部分
	osg::MatrixTransform *quadMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
	quadMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(1.5, 0.0, -6.0));
	osg::Geometry *quadGeometry = new osg::Geometry;
	osg::Vec3Array *quadVertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f));
	quadGeometry->setVertexArray(quadVertexArray);

	osg::Vec4Array *quadColorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;
	quadColorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
	quadGeometry->setColorArray(quadColorArray);
	quadGeometry->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);

	osg::DrawElementsUByte *vertexIndices = new osg::DrawElementsUByte(osg::PrimitiveSet::QUADS, 4);
	vertexIndices->push_back(0);
	vertexIndices->push_back(1);
	vertexIndices->push_back(2);
	vertexIndices->push_back(3);
	quadGeometry->addPrimitiveSet(vertexIndices);
	osg::Geode *quadGeode = new osg::Geode;
	quadGeode->addDrawable(quadGeometry);
	quadMT->addChild(quadGeode);

	root->addChild(triangleMT);
	root->addChild(quadMT);

	return root;
}



int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
	QApplication app(argc, argv);
	ViewerWidget* viewWidget = new ViewerWidget(buildScene());
	viewWidget->setGeometry( 100, 100, 640, 480 );
	viewWidget->show();
	return app.exec();
}