特征向量归一化处理_向量处理，其特征和说明领域| 计算机科学组织

特征向量归一化处理

向量处理 (Vector processing)

The need to increase computational power is a never-ending requirement. In scientific and research areas, the computational involved are quite extensive and hence high power computers are the must.

增加计算能力的需求是永无止境的要求。 在科学研究领域，所涉及的计算相当广泛，因此必须配备大功率计算机。

The areas like structural engineering, petroleum exploration, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, nuclear research, tomography, VLSI design, AI can have data in the form of matrices which suits vector processors to process it at a high speed.

结构工程，石油勘探，空气动力学，流体力学，核研究，层析成像，VLSI设计，人工智能等领域可以采用矩阵形式的数据，适合矢量处理器对其进行高速处理。

Some examples of its are:

其示例包括：

1. In radar and signal processing for detection of space / underwater targets.

   在雷达和信号处理中，用于探测太空/水下目标。

2. In remote sensing for earth resources exploration.

   在遥感中进行地球资源的勘探。

3. In computational wind tunnel experiments.

   在计算风洞实验中。

4. In 3D stop-action computer assisted tomography.

   在3D停止动作计算机辅助层析成像中。

5. Weather forecasting.

   天气预报。

6. Medical diagnosis.

   医学诊断。

向量处理的特征 (Characteristics of Vector processing)

1. A vector is an ordered set of elements. A vector operand contains an ordered set of n elements, where n is called the length of the vector. Each element in a vector is a scalar quantity, which may be floating point number, an integer, a logical value, or a character (byte).

   向量是元素的有序集合。 向量操作数包含n个元素的有序集合，其中n称为向量的长度。 向量中的每个元素都是标量，可以是浮点数，整数，逻辑值或字符(字节)。

2. In vector processing, two successive pairs of elements are processed each clock period. In dual vector pipes and dual sets of vector functional units allow two pairs of elements to be processed during the same clock period. As each pair of operations is completed, the results are delivered to the appropriate elements of the result register. The operation continues until the number of elements processed is equal to the count specified by the vector length register.

   在向量处理中 ，每个时钟周期处理两对连续的元素。 在双矢量管道和矢量功能单元的双重集合中，可以在同一时钟周期内处理两对元素。 完成每对操作后，结果将传递到结果寄存器的相应元素。 继续操作，直到处理的元素数等于向量长度寄存器指定的计数为止。

   For example: C (1:50) = A (1:50) + B (1:50)

   例如：C(1:50)= A(1:50)+ B(1:50)

   This vector instruction includes the initial addresses of the two source operands, one destination operand, the length of the vectors and the operation to be performed.

   此向量指令包括两个源操作数的初始地址，一个目标操作数，向量的长度和要执行的操作。

3. Vector instructions are classified into for basic types:

   向量指令分为以下基本类型：

4.        F1: V = V	f2: V = S
          F3: V * V = V 	f4: V*S = V
   
   Where V indicates vector operand and S indicates scalar operand. The operations f1 and f2 are unary operations such as vector square root, vector sine, vector complement, vector summation and so on. On the other hand, operations f3 and f4 are binary operations such as vector add, vector multiply, vector scalar adds and so on.
   

5. In vector processing, identical processes are repeatedly invoked many times, each of which can be subdivided into subprocesses.

   在向量处理中 ，相同的过程会重复调用多次，每个过程都可以细分为子过程。

6. In vector processing, successive operands are fed through the pipeline segments and require as few buffers and local controls as possible. This parallel vector processing allows the generation of more than two results per clock period. The parallel vector operations are automatically initiated either when successive vector instructions use different functional units and different vector registers, or when successive vector instructions use the result stream from one vector register as the operand of another operation using different functional units. This process is known as chaining.

   在向量处理中 ，连续的操作数通过流水线段馈送，并需要尽可能少的缓冲区和本地控件。 这种并行向量处理允许每个时钟周期产生两个以上的结果。 当连续的向量指令使用不同的功能单元和不同的向量寄存器时，或者当连续的向量指令将来自一个向量寄存器的结果流用作使用不同功能单元的另一操作的操作数时，并行向量操作将自动启动。 此过程称为链接。

7. Because of the startup delay in a pipeline, a vector processor performs better with longer vectors.

   由于管道中的启动延迟，矢量处理器在使用更长的矢量时会表现更好。

8. Vector processing is usually faster and more efficient than scalar processing because it reduces the overhead associated with maintenance of the loop control variables.

   向量处理通常比标量处理更快，更有效，因为它减少了与维护循环控制变量相关的开销。

向量指令字段 (Vector Instruction Fields)

Vector instructions are usually specified by the following fields:

向量指令通常由以下字段指定：

1. Opcode (operation code):

   操作码(操作码)：

   This field is used to select the functional unit or to reconfigure a multifunctional unit to perform the specified operation.

   该字段用于选择功能单元或重新配置多功能单元以执行指定的操作。

2. Base addresses:

   基本地址：

   In case of memory reference instruction, this field specifies the base addresses needed for source operands and result vectors. If the operands and results are located in the vector register file, the designated vector registers must be specified.

   对于内存引用指令，此字段指定源操作数和结果向量所需的基地址。 如果操作数和结果位于向量寄存器文件中，则必须指定指定的向量寄存器。

3. Address increment:

   地址增量：

   This field specifies the space between the two elements in the main memory. Usually, the elements are consecutively stored thus the increment is 1. However, with variable increment higher flexibility can be offered in the applications.

   该字段指定主存储器中两个元素之间的空间。 通常，元素是连续存储的，因此增量为1。但是，通过可变增量，可以在应用程序中提供更高的灵活性。

4. Address offset:

   地址偏移量：

   This field specifies the offset to the base address. Using the base address and the offset, the effective memory address can be calculated. The offset can be either positive or negative.

   该字段指定到基地址的偏移量。 使用基地址和偏移量，可以计算有效存储器地址。 偏移量可以为正或负。

5. Vector length:

   向量长度：

   this field determines the termination of a vector instruction. Vector length affects the processing efficiency because the additional subdividing is required for long vectors.

   该字段确定矢量指令的终止。 向量长度会影响处理效率，因为长向量需要额外的细分。

翻译自: https://www.includehelp.com/cso/vector-processing-its-characteristics-and-instruction-fields.aspx

特征向量归一化处理