阅读理解

参考：痴学社

阅读的对与错

方法	理由
精读全文	时间不够
定位原文	可能定不到，或作者想表达的不一定是字面上的意思（最像的反而是错的）
题型分类	越搞越复杂

总结：
全读（彳亍）
不读（彳亍）
分类（彳亍）

阅读理解的本质是什么？
理解（将理分解出来 ）

任何一篇都要有理和有据，理和据的对比：

	占比	重要性	难易	作用
理	20%	重要（80%）	易	说服人
据	80%	次要（20%）	难	证明理

由表可以得出结论：

• 掌握理，即掌握了文章的脉络

• 理比较直白，而论据较复杂。

理和据的位置：

$$据\{\begin{array}{l}举例子\\ 实验\\ 引用（正面还是反面）\\ 插入语、同位语\end{array}$$

$$理\{\begin{array}{l}段首（1\sim 2句）\\ 转折\{\begin{array}{l}显转折\\ 隐转折\end{array}\\ 宾语从句\\ 强调意味\end{array}$$

显转折	but	however	even	though	although	where as	while	yet
隐转折	now	lunckily	forunately	unfortunary	appear	seem	sound
强调意味	usually	总体而言	大多数	总是	in other words

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2005年英语一：Text 1

   Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

人人爱涨工资。
后面出现 Yet ，所以讲的不是人人爱涨工资这件事情。
又出现转折But，所以讲的还是这件事。这个转折是最核心的。

理：
人人爱涨工资。
同事比你多，你不高兴了。
一个研究表明，猴子也一样。（宾语从句）
小结：猴同人，恨不平。

   The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, andthey share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

研究母猴的行为。

   Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

这些属性很适合做研究。
转折：However
当两只猴子分相邻的地方，以便观察到对方获得什么，它们的行为就很不同了。
小结：看到对方就不同。

   In the world of capuchins， grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

爱葡萄，而不是黄瓜

   The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

猴同人有情绪。
公平感是独立进化呢，还是来源共同的祖先呢？没有答案。
小结：猴同人有情绪。公平感哪里来不知道。

第2~4段都是讲实验的过程
总结：猴同人恨不平。猴同人有情绪。公平感哪里来不知道。

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
    [A] posing a contrast
    [B] justifying an assumption
    [C] making a comparison
    [D] explaining a phenomenon

设置对比
证实假设
做比较
解释现象
猴同人恨不平。做比较，选C。

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.
    [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
    [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
    [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
    [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

猴子们也会被松懈的对手激怒。
怨恨不公平也是猴子的属性。选B。

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
    [A] more inclined to weigh what they get
    [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
    [C] nice in both appearance and temperament
    [D] more generous than their male companions

为什么选择母猴做研究？
第3段，这些属性很适合做研究。看到对方得到什么就不爽。
更倾向于权衡他们得到的东西。选A。

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.
    [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
    [B] can be taught to exchange things
    [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
    [D] are unhappy when separated from others

最终发现？
更喜欢葡萄而不是黄瓜。（正确$\ne$原文有）
可以学会交换东西。
如果感受被忽悠了，便不再合作。
跟别人分开就不爽了。
核心还是物质分配不公，选C。

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
    [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
    [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
    [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
    [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

公平感哪里来不知道。
uncertain source 不确定来源。选B。

总结：

1. 画首句
2. 找转折
3. 做小结

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2015年英语一：Text 2

   Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

首句有问号，下一句也要读。
宪法怎么保护你的隐私数据？
检察长在考虑，警察能否在逮捕的时候对人身上的手机在没有授权的情况下搜查手机的内容。
小结：能否搜查手机？

   California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

加州：官方可以搜。

   The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.

听加州的，就完了。

   They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.

一开始就该抛弃加州的观点。
搜手机如进家门。

   Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

   As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.

   But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

法官不应该听从加州的观点。
新技术 / 新宪法

26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to______.
    [A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
    [B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
    [C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
    [D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones

逮捕期间，做什么事情是否合法？
选C。

27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of________.
    [A] disapproval 不赞成
    [B] indifference
    [C] tolerance
    [D] cautiousness

作者的态度针对加州的观点是？
反对，选A。

28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to________.
    [A] getting into one’s residence
    [B] handling one’s historical records
    [C] scanning one’s correspondences
    [D] going through one’s wallet

作者认为搜一个人的手机内容能被比作什么？
搜手机如进家门。选A。

29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that________.
    [A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed
    [B] the court is giving police less room for action
    [C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected
    [D] phones are used to store sensitive information

原则很难被明确表达。
法院给予警察很少的空间行动。
市民的隐私权没有被有效保护。
手机被用于存储敏感信息。
选C。

30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that________.
    [A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
    [B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
    [C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution
    [D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered

宪法应该灵活实施
新技术要求重新解释宪法
加州的论点违反了宪法的原则
宪法的原则决不能改变

新技术 / 新宪法，选B。

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$$启承转合\{\begin{array}{l}启\{\begin{array}{ll}直& 开门见山\\ 弯\{\begin{array}{l}故事引出观点\\ 观点1到观点2\end{array}& \end{array}\\ 承\{\begin{array}{l}原因、分类、影响\end{array}\\ 转\{\begin{array}{l}相反\\ 程度变化\end{array}\\ 合\{\begin{array}{l}重播观点\\ 延伸\end{array}\end{array}$$

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2015年高考江苏卷 Freedom and Responsibility

  Freedom’s challenge in the digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.

在数字时代，挑战自由是一个严肃的话题。
我们面对奇怪的新世界，我们在好奇该怎么办。

  Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

希腊人发现自由。
之前 有帝国，无自由。

  In Greece, in Athens, a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looked at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athenians not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.

没有无助的群众。
如果他能做他想做的事。，则一个人是自由的。
每个人都要负责，原因不是被迫，而是城市是骄傲和安全。
小结：不是随心所欲，人为国

  But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people…it, and work for it, it will go. … is its price. …was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenians’ pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their mind. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens fro doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them, and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility…to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.

发现自由不像发明计算机。
难以一次发现完。
现在 国给人
小结：国为人

  Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result… burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility, she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.

雅典人想要无责任的自由

  But, the excellent becomes the permanent, Aristotle said. Athens lost, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison referred to “The capacity of mankind for self-government”. No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once a man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that way thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out… only sure that it will do so sometime.

雅典人丧失了自由，但是自由在世界未丧失。

65. What does the underlined word ”tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
    A. Countries where their people need help
    B. Powerful states with happiness
    C. Splendid states where people enjoy freedom
    D. Empires ruled with absolute power

有帝国，无自由。
谈的是自由，排除A和B。
没有自由，应该选D。

66. People believing in freedom are those who_______.
    A. regard their life as their own business
    B. regard freedom as their primary object
    C. behave within laws and value system
    D. treat others with kindness and pity

相信自由的人是那些
第三段
遵守法律，重视体制。选C。

67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?
    A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.
    B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.
    C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.
    D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.

雅典人态度变化
第四段：雅典人想要无责任的自由
选A。

68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result” in Paragraph 5 mean?
    A. Athens would come to an end.
    B. Athens would cease to have freedom.
    C. Freedom would come from responsibility.
    D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.

雅典人想要无责任的自由
结果就是失去自由，选B

69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?
    A. The author is hopeful about freedom.
    B. The author is cautious about self-government.
    C. The author is skeptical of Greece civilization.
    D. The author is proud of the man’s capacity.

雅典人丧失了自由，但是自由在世界未丧失。
对自由抱有希望。选A。

70. What is the author’s understanding of freedom?
    A. Freedom can be more popular in digital age.
    B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.
    C. Freedom should have privacy over responsibility.
    D. Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.

自由在数字时代更流行，严肃大的话题，错。
在数字时代终结，错。
没有说到隐私，错
自由需要责任的保护。选D。

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2008年英语一：Text 3

  In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

讲人

  The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

美国人身高停止增长。
比140年前高2英寸，1960达到极限。

  Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5’9" for men, 5’4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.

成长需要营养。
但是随着饮食和健康的提升，孩子和年轻人涨了1.5英寸每20年。
平均身高在1960年之后没变过。

  Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

避免太高是有好处的。
人类垂直姿势

  Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”

基因的最大值能改变，但是不要期望短时间会发生。

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .
    [A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players
    [B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.
    [C] compare different generations of NBA players
    [D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players

没有对比。
选A。

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
    [A] Genetic modification.
    [B] Natural environment.
    [C] Living standards.
    [D] Daily exercise.

长身体的关键？
营养。选C。

33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
    [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
    [B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
    [C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
    [D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

美国人不长了。
ACD都可以排除掉。
人类的身高是由直立的姿势决定的。
B原文中有。选B

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .
    [A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size
    [B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged
    [C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen
    [D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable

美国人不长。
BD不变。
B选项，设计不一定是衣服的尺寸，可能是蕾丝边。（这是一个坑）
D，人类数据不变。选D。

35. The text intends to tell us that .
    [A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern
    [B] human height is becoming even more predictable
    [C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit
    [D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered

选C。

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2010年英语一 ：Text 2

  Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

数千项专利被授予所谓的商业方法。

  Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”

准备去缩减商业方法专利，是有争议的。

  Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

对商业方法的束缚，将会是一个戏剧性的…
因为它是联邦自己引入的许多专利。

  The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.

这个案例将会被12个法官听讼，而不是三个法官。
评估是否应该重新考虑判决

  The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围。

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of .
    [A] their limited value to business
    [B] their connection with asset allocation
    [C] the possible restriction on their granting
    [D] the controversy over authorization

近期引起关注的原因
商业价值有限
资产分配的关系
可能对授予作限制
权威的争议
选C。

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
    [A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
    [B] It involves a very big business transaction.
    [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
    [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S…

它的判决是符合法庭的决定
它涉及到一个很大的商业交易
它已经被联邦法庭拒绝了
它可能会改变美国的司法操作
3个听讼变12个，选D。

28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means .
    [A] loss of good will
    [B] increase of hostility
    [C] change of attitude
    [D] enhancement of dignity

选C。

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.
    [A] are immune to legal challenges
    [B] are often unnecessarily issued
    [C] lower the esteem for patent holders
    [D] increase the incidence of risks

免于法律挑战
没必要给
降低对专利持有人的尊重
增加风险发生率
文章探讨：专利是否被授予商业方法
选B。

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
    [A] A looming threat to business-method patents
    [B] Protection for business-method patent holders
    [C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
    [D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

looming 隐约出现
prevailing 盛行
准备去缩减商业方法专利
选A。

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