Apollo项目类对象创建之工厂模式分析

前段时间写过这样一篇文章,因为CSDN的一个Bug,把原有文章覆盖了,咨询版务人员得知无法恢复,只能凭记忆再写一遍,供自己和可能需要帮助的人参考借鉴。
Apollo项目(https://github.com/apolloauto)的对象创建,大多使用直接法,例如:

// 在栈(stack)上直接创建对象
ADCTrajectory not_ready_pb;
// 在堆(heap)上直接创建对象
ZeroCopyOutputStream *output = new FileOutputStream(file_descriptor);

还有部分对象使用单例(Singleton)模式创建,例如:

DECLARE_SINGLETON(AdapterManager);

这里,DECLARE_SINGLETON(AdapterManager)是一个定义单例对象的宏,其定义如下:

#define DECLARE_SINGLETON(classname)        \
 public:                                    \
  static classname *instance() {            \
    static classname instance;              \
    return &instance;                       \
  }                                         \
  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(classname) \
 private:

内嵌宏DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(classname)的定义如下:

#define DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(classname) \
 private:                                         \
  classname();                                    \
  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(classname);

继续看内嵌宏DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(classname)的定义:

#define DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(classname) \
 private:                                   \
  classname(const classname &);             \
  classname &operator=(const classname &);

于是,DECLARE_SINGLETON(AdapterManager)展开后的定义为:

public:                                   
  static AdapterManager *instance() {            
    static AdapterManager instance;              
    return &instance;                       
  }                                          
private:                                        
  AdapterManager();                                    
private:                                   
  AdapterManager(const AdapterManager &);            
  AdapterManager &operator=(const AdapterManager &);  
 private:

上述代码的意义一目了然,首先定义一个静态公有函数instance(),该函数在栈上创建一个AdapterManager类的静态对象,然后以指针形式将其返回。同时,将AdapterManager类的默认(或称缺省)构造函数、复制(或称拷贝)构造函数、复制赋值运算符(或称操作符)定义为私有函数,意即禁止进行隐式类型转换和复制操作。
还有部分对象,采用工厂模式创建,例如:

control_conf_ = control_conf;
for (auto controller_type : control_conf_->active_controllers()) {
  auto controller = controller_factory_.CreateObject(
     static_cast<ControlConf::ControllerType>(controller_type));
  if (controller) {
     controller_list_.emplace_back(std::move(controller));
  } else {
     AERROR << "Controller: " << controller_type << "is not supported";
     return Status(ErrorCode::CONTROL_INIT_ERROR,
                    "Invalid controller type:" + controller_type);
}

关于工厂模式的介绍,网上有很多文章,这篇文章讲得比较形象,值得参考:http://blog.csdn.net/linwh8/article/details/51232834,本文不再赘述。

使用工厂模式的必要性

很多人会问,我直接创建类对象就行了,为什么要使用工厂模式?不是脱裤子放屁,多此一举吗?其实不然,在很多应用中,需要创建哪些具体的类对象,事先根本无法知晓,只有在程序实际运行的那一刻,才能从配置文件、注册表或数据库获取需要创建的类对象,在此情形下,还能直接创建类对象吗?
另外,在许多应用中,我们希望通过改变配置文件、注册表或数据库来动态地使用不同的算法类,以期获得最优的性能,这种情形是不是也需要采用工厂模式动态创建类对象?

Apollo项目使用工厂模式创建类对象分析

Apollo项目使用的是抽象工厂模式,因为该项目使用模板定义工厂类,因此工厂模式经典定义中的抽象工厂类就不再需要了,下面看该类的具体定义:

#ifndef MODULES_COMMON_UTIL_FACTORY_H_
#define MODULES_COMMON_UTIL_FACTORY_H_

#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>

#include "modules/common/log.h"
#include "modules/common/macro.h"

/**
 * @namespace apollo::common::util
 * @brief apollo::common::util
 */
namespace apollo {
namespace common {
namespace util {

/**
 * @class Factory
 * @brief Implements a Factory design pattern with Register and Create methods
 *
 * The objects created by this factory all implement the same interface
 * (namely, AbstractProduct). This design pattern is useful in settings where
 * multiple implementations of an interface are available, and one wishes to
 * defer the choice of the implementation in use.
 *
 * @param IdentifierType Type used for identifying the registered classes,
 * typically std::string.
 * @param AbstractProduct The interface implemented by the registered classes
 * @param ProductCreator Function returning a pointer to an instance of
 * the registered class
 * @param MapContainer Internal implementation of the function mapping
 * IdentifierType to ProductCreator, by default std::unordered_map
 */
template <typename IdentifierType, class AbstractProduct,
          class ProductCreator = AbstractProduct *(*)(),
          class MapContainer = std::map<IdentifierType, ProductCreator>>
class Factory {
 public:
  /**
   * @brief Registers the class given by the creator function, linking it to id.
   * Registration must happen prior to calling CreateObject.
   * @param id Identifier of the class being registered
   * @param creator Function returning a pointer to an instance of
   * the registered class
   * @return True iff the key id is still available
   */
  bool Register(const IdentifierType &id, ProductCreator creator) {
    return producers_.insert(std::make_pair(id, creator)).second;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Unregisters the class with the given identifier
   * @param id The identifier of the class to be unregistered
   */
  bool Unregister(const IdentifierType &id) {
    return producers_.erase(id) == 1;
  }

  bool Empty() const {
    return producers_.empty();
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates and transfers membership of an object of type matching id.
   * Need to register id before CreateObject is called. May return NULL
   * silently.
   * @param id The identifier of the class we which to instantiate
   * @param args the object construction arguments
   */
  template <typename... Args>
  std::unique_ptr<AbstractProduct> CreateObjectOrNull(const IdentifierType &id,
                                                      Args... args) {
    auto id_iter = producers_.find(id);
    if (id_iter != producers_.end()) {
      return std::unique_ptr<AbstractProduct>(
          (id_iter->second)(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates and transfers membership of an object of type matching id.
   * Need to register id before CreateObject is called.
   * @param id The identifier of the class we which to instantiate
   * @param args the object construction arguments
   */
  template <typename... Args>
  std::unique_ptr<AbstractProduct> CreateObject(const IdentifierType &id,
                                                Args... args) {
    auto result = CreateObjectOrNull(id, args...);
    AERROR_IF(!result) << "Factory could not create Object of type : " << id;
    return result;
  }

 private:
  MapContainer producers_;
};

}  // namespace util
}  // namespace common
}  // namespace apollo

#endif  // MODULES_COMMON_UTIL_FACTORY_H_

Factory类包含了Register()Unregister()Empty()CreateObjectOrNull()CreateObject()等公有函数,其中Register()Unregister()函数用于注册和反注册产品类,其作与经典模式中抽象工厂接口类的功能类似,Empty()函数用于判断当前工厂类中是否包含产品创建函数,CreateObjectOrNull()CreateObject()函数用于创建可能包含空指针和不包含空指针的产品类对象。
Apollo项目中对Factory类实例化的情形包括但不限于:

apollo::common::util::Factory<
ControlConf::ControllerType, 
Controller, 
std::map<ControConf::Controller, 
Controller* (*)()> >
apollo::common::util::Factory<
LocalizationConfig::LocalizationType, 
LocalizationBase, 
std::map<LocalizationConfig::LocalizationType, 
LocalizationBase* (*)()> >
apollo::common::util::Factory<
PlanningConfig::PlannerType, 
Planner, 
std::map<PlanningConfig::PlannerType, 
Planner* (*)()> > 
apollo::common::util::Factory<
TaskType, 
Task, 
std::map<TaskType, 
Task* (*)()> >

具体类图如下所示:
1
下面以apollo::common::util::Factory<TaskType, Task, std::map<TaskType, TaskType* (*)()> >为例进行说明(其他示例不再一一讲解),类图如下:
2
注册产品类代码为:

void EMPlanner::RegisterTasks() {
  task_factory_.Register(TRAFFIC_DECIDER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new TrafficDecider(); });
  task_factory_.Register(DP_POLY_PATH_OPTIMIZER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new DpPolyPathOptimizer(); });
  task_factory_.Register(PATH_DECIDER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new PathDecider(); });
  task_factory_.Register(DP_ST_SPEED_OPTIMIZER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new DpStSpeedOptimizer(); });
  task_factory_.Register(SPEED_DECIDER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new SpeedDecider(); });
  task_factory_.Register(QP_SPLINE_ST_SPEED_OPTIMIZER, []() -> Task* {
    return new QpSplineStSpeedOptimizer();
  });
  task_factory_.Register(POLY_ST_SPEED_OPTIMIZER,
                         []() -> Task* { return new PolyStSpeedOptimizer(); });
}

代码中的产品创建函数ProductCreator=Task* (*)()全部采用简洁的Lambda表达式实现。
创建具体产品类对象的代码为:

Status EMPlanner::Init(const PlanningConfig& config) {
  AINFO << "In EMPlanner::Init()";
  RegisterTasks();
  for (const auto task : config.em_planner_config().task()) {
    tasks_.emplace_back(
        task_factory_.CreateObject(static_cast<TaskType>(task)));
    AINFO << "Created task:" << tasks_.back()->Name();
  }
  // ...
  return Status::OK();
}

配置文件为:modules/planning/conf/planning_config.pb.txt,Apollo 2.0配置的任务类型如下所示:

planner_type : EM
em_planner_config {
    task : TRAFFIC_DECIDER
    task : DP_POLY_PATH_OPTIMIZER
    task : PATH_DECIDER
    task : DP_ST_SPEED_OPTIMIZER
    task : SPEED_DECIDER
    task : QP_SPLINE_ST_SPEED_OPTIMIZER
    // ...

上述配置文件表明,EMPlanner类中动态生成了TrafficDeciderDpPolyPathOptimizer
PathDeciderDpStSpeedOptimizer
SpeedDeciderQpSplineStSpeedOptimizer等优化任务类对象。

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