定义1. 设矩阵
A
=
(
a
i
j
)
∈
R
m
×
n
\boldsymbol{A} = (a_{ij})\in R^{m\times n}
A=(aij)∈Rm×n , 把矩阵
A
\boldsymbol{A}
A 的元素按行的顺序排列成一个列向量：
v
e
c
A
=
(
a
11
,
a
12
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
1
n
,
a
21
,
a
22
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
2
n
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
m
1
,
a
m
2
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
m
n
)
T
vec\boldsymbol{A} = (a_{11},a_{12},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{1n},a_{21},a_{22},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{2n},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{m1},a_{m2},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{mn})^T
vecA=(a11,a12,⋅⋅⋅,a1n,a21,a22,⋅⋅⋅,a2n,⋅⋅⋅,am1,am2,⋅⋅⋅,amn)T
则称向量 v e c A vec\boldsymbol{A} vecA 为矩阵 A \boldsymbol{A} A 按行展开的列向量。
定义2. 设矩阵
A
=
(
a
i
j
)
∈
R
m
×
n
\boldsymbol{A} = (a_{ij})\in R^{m\times n}
A=(aij)∈Rm×n , 把矩阵
A
\boldsymbol{A}
A 的元素按列的顺序排列成一个列向量：
v
e
c
A
=
(
a
11
,
a
21
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
n
1
,
a
12
,
a
22
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
n
2
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
1
m
,
a
2
m
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,
a
n
m
)
T
vec\boldsymbol{A} = (a_{11},a_{21},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{n1},a_{12},a_{22},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{n2},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{1m},a_{2m},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_{nm})^T
vecA=(a11,a21,⋅⋅⋅,an1,a12,a22,⋅⋅⋅,an2,⋅⋅⋅,a1m,a2m,⋅⋅⋅,anm)T
则称向量 v e c A vec\boldsymbol{A} vecA 为矩阵 A \boldsymbol{A} A 按列展开的列向量。
定义3. 设
A
,
B
∈
R
n
×
n
\boldsymbol{A,B}\in R^{n\times n}
A,B∈Rn×n，称
A
⋅
B
=
<
A
,
B
>
=
T
r
(
A
T
B
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
∑
j
=
1
n
a
i
j
b
i
j
=
(
v
e
c
A
)
T
v
e
c
B
\boldsymbol{A\cdot B} = <\boldsymbol{A,B}>=Tr(\boldsymbol{A^TB})=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \sum\limits_{j=1}^n a_{ij}b_{ij}=(vec\boldsymbol{A})^Tvec\boldsymbol{B}
A⋅B=<A,B>=Tr(ATB)=i=1∑nj=1∑naijbij=(vecA)TvecB
为矩阵 A , B \boldsymbol{A,B} A,B的内积。其中， T r a c e ( A ) Trace(\boldsymbol{A}) Trace(A) 为矩阵 A \boldsymbol{A} A 的迹，简记为 T r ( A ) Tr(\boldsymbol{A}) Tr(A)。
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