结式的根写法
f(x),g(x)是复数域C上的多项式. R(f,g)是它们的结式.
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f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^m a_ix^{m-i},\ (m>0)
f(x)=i=0∑maixm−i, (m>0)
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g(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n b_ix^{n-i},\ (n>0)
g(x)=i=0∑nbixn−i, (n>0)
当
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α_1,...,α_m \in C
α1,...,αm∈C是f(x)=0的全部根，则
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R(f,g) = a_0^n\prod_{i=1}^mg(α_i)
R(f,g)=a0ni=1∏mg(αi)
证明
对f(x)的次数m进行归纳。
1° 当m=1时，α是
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f(x)=a_0x+a_1=0
f(x)=a0x+a1=0的根，则
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a_0α+a_1=0
a0α+a1=0，
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R(f,g) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_0&a_1 \\ &a_0&a_1 \\ &&.&.\\ &&&.&.\\ &&&&.&.\\ &&&&&a_0&a_1\\ b_0&b_1&&...&&b_{n-1}&b_n \end{array} \right|
R(f,g)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a0b0a1a0b1a1.........a0bn−1a1bn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
将第一列乘上α加到第二列上，
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a_1 -> a_0α+a_1 = 0, b_1->b_0α + b_1
a1−>a0α+a1=0,b1−>b0α+b1;
再将第二列乘上α加到第二列上，
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a_1 ->0, b_2 -> b_0α^2+b_1α + b_2
a1−>0,b2−>b0α2+b1α+b2;
依照此法进行n次，得到
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R(f,g) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a_0 \\ &a_0 \\ &&.\\ &&&.\\ &&&&.\\ &&&&&a_0\\ b_0&b_0α + b_1&&...&&\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} b_iα^{n-1-i}&\sum_{i=0}^nb_iα^{n-i}=g(α) \end{array} \right| = a_0^ng(α)
R(f,g)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a0b0a0b0α+b1......a0∑i=0n−1biαn−1−i∑i=0nbiαn−i=g(α)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=a0ng(α)
2° 假设当m等于k时，
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R(f,g) = a_0^n\prod_{i=1}^mg(α_i)
R(f,g)=a0n∏i=1mg(αi);
当m=k+1时，取f(x)=0的一个根α，则
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f(x) = (x-α)h(x)
f(x)=(x−α)h(x)
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h(x) = \sum_{i=0}^k c_ix^{k-i}
h(x)=i=0∑kcixk−i
比较f(x) 和 (x-α)h(x)的系数，发现
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a_0 = c_0, a_i = c_i - αc_{i-1}\ (i>=1)
a0=c0,ai=ci−αci−1 (i>=1).
依照1°中的方法将前一列乘上α加到当前列，得到
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R(f,g) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &&.&.&...&.\\ &&&c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ b_0&b_0α + b_1&b_0α^2+b_1α+b_2&...&g(α)&...&α^{k-1}g(α)&α^kg(α) \\ &b_0&b_0α + b_1&b_0α^2+b_1α+b_2&...&g(α)&...&α^{k-1}g(α)\\ &&.&.&.&...&.&.\\ &&&b_0&b_0α + b_1&b_0α^2+b_1α+b_2&...&g(α) \end{array} \right|
R(f,g)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣c0b0c1c0b0α+b1b0...c1.b0α2+b1α+b2b0α+b1.ck....c0...b0α2+b1α+b2.b0ck...c1g(α)....b0α+b1.......g(α)...b0α2+b1α+b2ckαk−1g(α).......αkg(α)αk−1g(α).g(α)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
将第n+1行减去第n+2行与α的乘积；
依照此方法进行k次，得到
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\begin{aligned} R(f,g) &= \left| \begin{array}{ccc} c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &&.&.&...&.\\ &&&c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ b_0&b_1&b_2&...&b_n\\ &b_0&b_1&b_2&...&b_n\\ &&.&.&.&...&.\\ &&&b_0&b_0α + b_1&b_0α^2+b_1α+b_2&...&g(α) \end{array} \right|\\ &= \left| \begin{array}{ccc} c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ &&.&.&...&.\\ &&&c_0&c_1&...&c_k \\ b_0&b_1&b_2&...&b_n\\ &.&.&.&...&.\\ &&b_0&b_1&b_2&...&b_n \end{array} \right| g(α)\\ &=R(h,g)g(α)\\ &=a_0^n\prod_{i=1}^{k+1}g(α_i) \end{aligned}
R(f,g)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣c0b0c1c0b1b0...c1.b2b1.ck....c0...b2.b0ck...c1bn....b0α+b1....bn...b0α2+b1α+b2ck....g(α)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣c0b0c1c0b1....c1.b2.b0ck....c0....b1ck...c1bn...b2........ckbn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣g(α)=R(h,g)g(α)=a0ni=1∏k+1g(αi)
至此，m=k+1时,R(f,g) = a_0n\prod_{i=1}{k+1}g(α_i).
综合1° 2°，
R
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g
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α
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R(f,g) = a_0^n\prod_{i=1}^mg(α_i)
R(f,g)=a0ni=1∏mg(αi)
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