C++多线程（二）

C/C++ Runtime 多线程函数

一 简单实例

主线程创建2个线程t1和t2，创建时2个线程就被挂起，后来调用ResumeThread恢复2个线程，使其开始执行，调用WaitForSingleObject等待2个线程执行完，然后推出主线程即结束进程。

 

/* file Main.cpp * * This program is an adaptation of the code Rex Jaeschke showed in * Listing 1 of his Oct 2005 C/C++ User's Journal article entitled * "C++/CLI Threading: Part I". I changed it from C++/CLI (managed) * code to standard C++. * * One hassle is the fact that C++ must employ a free (C) function * or a static class member function as the thread entry function. * * This program must be compiled with a multi-threaded C run-time * (/MT for LIBCMT.LIB in a release build or /MTd for LIBCMTD.LIB * in a debug build). * * John Kopplin 7/2006 */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string> // for STL string class #include <windows.h> // for HANDLE #include <process.h> // for _beginthread() using namespace std; class ThreadX { private: int loopStart; int loopEnd; int dispFrequency; public: string threadName; ThreadX( int startValue, int endValue, int frequency ) { loopStart = startValue; loopEnd = endValue; dispFrequency = frequency; } // In C++ you must employ a free (C) function or a static // class member function as the thread entry-point-function. // Furthermore, _beginthreadex() demands that the thread // entry function signature take a single (void*) and returned // an unsigned. static unsigned __stdcall ThreadStaticEntryPoint(void * pThis) { ThreadX * pthX = (ThreadX*)pThis; // the tricky cast pthX->ThreadEntryPoint(); // now call the true entry-point-function // A thread terminates automatically if it completes execution, // or it can terminate itself with a call to _endthread(). return 1; // the thread exit code } void ThreadEntryPoint() { // This is the desired entry-point-function but to get // here we have to use a 2 step procedure involving // the ThreadStaticEntryPoint() function. for (int i = loopStart; i <= loopEnd; ++i) { if (i % dispFrequency == 0) { printf( "%s: i = %d/n", threadName.c_str(), i ); } } printf( "%s thread terminating/n", threadName.c_str() ); } }; int main() { // All processes get a primary thread automatically. This primary // thread can generate additional threads. In this program the // primary thread creates 2 additional threads and all 3 threads // then run simultaneously without any synchronization. No data // is shared between the threads. // We instantiate an object of the ThreadX class. Next we will // create a thread and specify that the thread is to begin executing // the function ThreadEntryPoint() on object o1. Once started, // this thread will execute until that function terminates or // until the overall process terminates. ThreadX * o1 = new ThreadX( 0, 1, 2000 ); // When developing a multithreaded WIN32-based application with // Visual C++, you need to use the CRT thread functions to create // any threads that call CRT functions. Hence to create and terminate // threads, use _beginthreadex() and _endthreadex() instead of // the Win32 APIs CreateThread() and EndThread(). // The multithread library LIBCMT.LIB includes the _beginthread() // and _endthread() functions. The _beginthread() function performs // initialization without which many C run-time functions will fail. // You must use _beginthread() instead of CreateThread() in C programs // built with LIBCMT.LIB if you intend to call C run-time functions. // Unlike the thread handle returned by _beginthread(), the thread handle // returned by _beginthreadex() can be used with the synchronization APIs. HANDLE hth1; unsigned uiThread1ID; hth1 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL, // security 0, // stack size ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint, o1, // arg list CREATE_SUSPENDED, // so we can later call ResumeThread() &uiThread1ID ); if ( hth1 == 0 ) printf("Failed to create thread 1/n"); DWORD dwExitCode; GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode ); // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259 printf( "initial thread 1 exit code = %u/n", dwExitCode ); // The System::Threading::Thread object in C++/CLI has a "Name" property. // To create the equivalent functionality in C++ I added a public data member // named threadName. o1->threadName = "t1"; ThreadX * o2 = new ThreadX( -1000000, 0, 2000 ); HANDLE hth2; unsigned uiThread2ID; hth2 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL, // security 0, // stack size ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint, o2, // arg list CREATE_SUSPENDED, // so we can later call ResumeThread() &uiThread2ID ); if ( hth2 == 0 ) printf("Failed to create thread 2/n"); GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode ); // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259 printf( "initial thread 2 exit code = %u/n", dwExitCode ); o2->threadName = "t2"; // If we hadn't specified CREATE_SUSPENDED in the call to _beginthreadex() // we wouldn't now need to call ResumeThread(). ResumeThread( hth1 ); // serves the purpose of Jaeschke's t1->Start() ResumeThread( hth2 ); // In C++/CLI the process continues until the last thread exits. // That is, the thread's have independent lifetimes. Hence // Jaeschke's original code was designed to show that the primary // thread could exit and not influence the other threads. // However in C++ the process terminates when the primary thread exits // and when the process terminates all its threads are then terminated. // Hence if you comment out the following waits, the non-primary // threads will never get a chance to run. WaitForSingleObject( hth1, INFINITE ); WaitForSingleObject( hth2, INFINITE ); GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode ); printf( "thread 1 exited with code %u/n", dwExitCode ); GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode ); printf( "thread 2 exited with code %u/n", dwExitCode ); // The handle returned by _beginthreadex() has to be closed // by the caller of _beginthreadex(). CloseHandle( hth1 ); CloseHandle( hth2 ); delete o1; o1 = NULL; delete o2; o2 = NULL; printf("Primary thread terminating./n"); return 0 ; }

 

二解释
1）如果你正在编写C/C++代码，决不应该调用CreateThread。相反，应该使用VisualC++运行期库函数_beginthreadex，推出也应该使用_endthreadex。如果不使用Microsoft的VisualC++编译器，你的编译器供应商有它自己的CreateThred替代函数。不管这个替代函数是什么，你都必须使用。

2）因为_beginthreadex和_endthreadex是CRT线程函数，所以必须注意编译选项runtimelibaray的选择，使用MT或MTD。

3) _beginthreadex函数的参数列表与CreateThread函数的参数列表是相同的，但是参数名和类型并不完全相同。这是因为Microsoft的C/C++运行期库的开发小组认为，C/C++运行期函数不应该对Windows数据类型有任何依赖。_beginthreadex函数也像CreateThread那样，返回新创建的线程的句柄。
下面是关于_beginthreadex的一些要点：
•每个线程均获得由C/C++运行期库的堆栈分配的自己的tiddata内存结构。（tiddata结构位于Mtdll.h文件中的VisualC++源代码中）。

•传递给_beginthreadex的线程函数的地址保存在tiddata内存块中。传递给该函数的参数也保存在该数据块中。

•_beginthreadex确实从内部调用CreateThread，因为这是操作系统了解如何创建新线程的唯一方法。

•当调用CreatetThread时，它被告知通过调用_threadstartex而不是pfnStartAddr来启动执行新线程。还有，传递给线程函数的参数是tiddata结构而不是pvParam的地址。

•如果一切顺利，就会像CreateThread那样返回线程句柄。如果任何操作失败了，便返回NULL。

4) _endthreadex的一些要点：
•C运行期库的_getptd函数内部调用操作系统的TlsGetValue函数，该函数负责检索调用线程的tiddata内存块的地址。

•然后该数据块被释放，而操作系统的ExitThread函数被调用，以便真正撤消该线程。当然，退出代码要正确地设置和传递。

5)虽然也提供了简化版的的_beginthread和_endthread，但是可控制性太差，所以一般不使用。

6）线程handle因为是内核对象，所以需要在最后closehandle。

7）更多的API：HANDLE GetCurrentProcess();HANDLE GetCurrentThread();DWORD GetCurrentProcessId();DWORD GetCurrentThreadId()。DWORD SetThreadIdealProcessor(HANDLE hThread,DWORD dwIdealProcessor);BOOL SetThreadPriority(HANDLE hThread,int nPriority);BOOL SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(),  IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS);BOOL GetThreadContext(HANDLE hThread,PCONTEXT pContext);BOOL SwitchToThread();

三注意
1）C++主线程的终止，同时也会终止所有主线程创建的子线程，不管子线程有没有执行完毕。所以上面的代码中如果不调用WaitForSingleObject，则2个子线程t1和t2可能并没有执行完毕或根本没有执行。
2）如果某线程挂起，然后有调用WaitForSingleObject等待该线程，就会导致死锁。所以上面的代码如果不调用resumethread，则会死锁。