索引
字符串支持 索引 (下标访问),第一个字符的索引是 0。单字符没有专用的类型,就是长度为一的字符串:
>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0] # character in position 0
'P'
>>> word[5] # character in position 5
'n'
索引还支持负数,用负数索引时,从右边开始计数:
>>> word[-1] # last character
'n'
>>> word[-2] # second-last character
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'
注意,-0 和 0 一样,因此,负数索引从 -1 开始。
切片
除了索引,字符串还支持 切片。索引可以提取单个字符,切片 则提取子字符串:
>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded)
'tho'
切片索引的默认值很有用;省略开始索引时,默认值为 0,省略结束索引时,默认为到字符串的结尾:
>>> word[:2] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[4:] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end
'on'
>>> word[-2:] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end
'on'
注意,输出结果包含切片开始,但不包含切片结束。因此,s[:i] + s[i:]
总是等于 s
:
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'Python'
>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
'Python'
还可以这样理解切片,索引指向的是字符 之间 ,第一个字符的左侧标为 0,最后一个字符的右侧标为 n ,n 是字符串长度。例如:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
第一行数字是字符串中索引 0…6 的位置,第二行数字是对应的负数索引位置。i 到 j 的切片由 i 和 j 之间所有对应的字符组成。
对于使用非负索引的切片,如果两个索引都不越界,切片长度就是起止索引之差。例如, word[1:3]
的长度是 2。
>>> word[4:42]
'on'
>>> word[42:]
''
Python 字符串不能修改,是 immutable 的。因此,为字符串中某个索引位置赋值会报错:
>>> word[0] = 'J'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> word[2:] = 'py'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment/