《一周学完光线追踪》学习 九 电介质材料

于 2021-04-05 16:47:21 发布
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分类专栏： 光线追踪
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/esjiang/article/details/115444500
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这个博客介绍了光线追踪的基本原理和实现，包括相机、材质、几何形状如球体的定义，以及如何处理光线与物体的相交。还涵盖了dielectric材料的散射行为，例如光的折射和反射。代码实现中，使用了hitable列表来组织场景中的物体，并通过主函数展示了如何生成像素颜色，从而创建渲染图像。
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camer.h

#pragma once
#ifndef __CAMERA_H__
#define __CAMERA_H__

#include "ray.h"

class camera {
public:
	camera() {
		lower_left_corner = vec3(-2.0, -1.0, -1.0);
		horizontal = vec3(4.0, 0.0, 0.0);
		vertical = vec3(0.0, 2.0, 0.0);
		origin = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
	}
	ray get_ray(float u, float v) {
		return ray(origin, lower_left_corner + u * horizontal + v * vertical - origin);
	}
	vec3 lower_left_corner;
	vec3 horizontal;
	vec3 vertical;
	vec3 origin;
};


#endif

dielectric.h

#pragma once
#include "hitable.h"

class dielectric :public material {
public:

	dielectric(float ri) :ref_idx(ri) {}
	virtual bool scatter(const ray&r_in, const hit_record&rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered);
	float ref_idx;
};

hitable.h

#pragma once
#ifndef __HITABLE__H__
#define __HITABLE__H__

#include "ray.h"




class material;

struct hit_record {
	float t;
	vec3 p;
	vec3 normal;
	material* mat_ptr;
};

class hitable {
public:
	virtual bool hit(const ray& r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record&rec)const = 0;
};


class material {
public:
	virtual bool scatter(const ray &r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) = 0;

	vec3 random_in_unit_sphere() {
		vec3 p;

		do {
			p = 2.0 * vec3(rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0), rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0),
				rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0)) - vec3(1, 1, 1); // 生成[-1, 1]的随机数
		} while (dot(p, p) >= 1.0); // 

		return p;
	}
};

class lambertian :public material {
public:


	lambertian(const vec3&a) :albedo(a) {}
	virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) {
		vec3 target = rec.p + rec.normal + random_in_unit_sphere();
		scattered = ray(rec.p, target - rec.p);
		attenuation = albedo;
		return true;
	}

	vec3 albedo;
};



class metal :public material {
public:
	vec3 reflect(const vec3 &v, const vec3 &n) {
		return v - 2 * dot(v, n)*n;
	}
	metal(const vec3& a, float f) : albedo(a) {
		if (f < 1) fuzz = f;
		else fuzz = 1;
	}
	metal(const vec3&a) :albedo(a) {}
	virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) {
		vec3 reflected = reflect(unitVector(r_in.direction()), rec.normal);
		scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected + fuzz * random_in_unit_sphere());
		attenuation = albedo;
		return (dot(scattered.direction(), rec.normal) > 0);
	}
	vec3 albedo;
	float fuzz;
};



#endif

hitablelist.h

#pragma once
#ifndef __HITABLELIST_H__
#define __HITABLELIST_H__

#include "hitable.h"

class hitable_list :public hitable {
public:
	hitable_list() {};
	hitable_list(hitable **l, int n) { list = l; list_size = n; }
	virtual bool hit(const ray&r, float tmin, float tmax, hit_record& rec)const;
	hitable **list;
	int list_size;
};


#endif

Ray.h

#ifndef RAY_H
#define RAY_H

#include "Vec3.h"

class ray {
public:

	ray() {}
	ray(const vec3& a, const vec3& b)
	{
		data[0] = a; data[1] = b;
		data[2] = vec3(1.0f / b.x(), 1.0f / b.y(), 1.0f / b.z());

		posneg[0] = (data[1].x() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[1] = posneg[0] ^ 1;

		posneg[2] = (data[1].y() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[3] = posneg[2] ^ 1;

		posneg[4] = (data[1].z() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[5] = posneg[4] ^ 1;
	}

	ray(const ray& r) { *this = r; }
	vec3 origin() const { return data[0]; }
	vec3 direction() const { return data[1]; }
	vec3 invDirection() const { return data[2]; }
	void setOrigin(const vec3& v) { data[0] = v; }
	void setDirection(const vec3& v)
	{
		data[1] = v;
		data[2] = vec3(1.0f / v.x(), 1.0f / v.y(), 1.0f / v.z());

		posneg[0] = (data[1].x() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[1] = posneg[0] ^ 1;

		posneg[2] = (data[1].y() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[3] = posneg[2] ^ 1;

		posneg[4] = (data[1].z() > 0 ? 0 : 1);
		posneg[5] = posneg[4] ^ 1;
	}
	vec3 pointAtParameter(float t) const { return data[0] + t * data[1]; }

	vec3 data[3];
	int posneg[6];
};


#endif

sphere.h

#pragma once
#ifndef __SPHEREH__
#define __SPHEREH__

#include "hitable.h"
class sphere :public hitable {
public:
	sphere() {}
	sphere(vec3 cen, float r, material* thisMaterial) :center(cen), radius(r), m_material(thisMaterial) {};
	sphere(vec3 cen, float r) :center(cen), radius(r) {};
	virtual bool hit(const ray&r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record&rec)const;
	vec3 center;
	float radius;
	material* m_material;
};


#endif

vec3.h

#ifndef VECTOR3_H
#define VECTOR3_H



#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>




class vec3 {
public:

	vec3() { e[0] = 0; e[1] = 0; e[2] = 0; }
	vec3(float e0, float e1, float e2) { e[0] = e0; e[1] = e1; e[2] = e2; }
	float x() const { return e[0]; }
	float y() const { return e[1]; }
	float z() const { return e[2]; }
	void setX(float a) { e[0] = a; }
	void setY(float a) { e[1] = a; }
	void setZ(float a) { e[2] = a; }

	inline vec3(const vec3 &v) {
		e[0] = v.e[0]; e[1] = v.e[1]; e[2] = v.e[2];
	}

	const vec3& operator+() const { return *this; }
	vec3 operator-() const { return vec3(-e[0], -e[1], -e[2]); }
	float& operator[](int i) { return e[i]; }
	float operator[](int i) const { return e[i]; }

	vec3& operator+=(const vec3& v2);
	vec3& operator-=(const vec3& v2);
	vec3& operator*=(const vec3& v2);
	vec3& operator*=(const float t);
	vec3& operator/=(const float t);



	float length() const { return sqrt(e[0] * e[0] + e[1] * e[1] + e[2] * e[2]); }
	float squaredLength() const { return e[0] * e[0] + e[1] * e[1] + e[2] * e[2]; }

	void makeUnitVector();


	float minComponent() const { return e[indexOfMinComponent()]; }
	float maxComponent() const { return e[indexOfMaxComponent()]; }
	float maxAbsComponent() const { return e[indexOfMaxAbsComponent()]; }
	float minAbsComponent() const { return e[indexOfMinAbsComponent()]; }
	int indexOfMinComponent() const {
		return (e[0] < e[1] && e[0] < e[2]) ? 0 : (e[1] < e[2] ? 1 : 2);
	}

	int indexOfMinAbsComponent() const {
		if (fabs(e[0]) < fabs(e[1]) && fabs(e[0]) < fabs(e[2]))
			return 0;
		else if (fabs(e[1]) < fabs(e[2]))
			return 1;
		else
			return 2;
	}

	int indexOfMaxComponent() const {
		return (e[0] > e[1] && e[0] > e[2]) ? 0 : (e[1] > e[2] ? 1 : 2);
	}

	int indexOfMaxAbsComponent() const {
		if (fabs(e[0]) > fabs(e[1]) && fabs(e[0]) > fabs(e[2]))
			return 0;
		else if (fabs(e[1]) > fabs(e[2]))
			return 1;
		else
			return 2;
	}

	float e[3];
};


inline bool operator==(const vec3 &t1, const vec3 &t2) {
	return ((t1[0] == t2[0]) && (t1[1] == t2[1]) && (t1[2] == t2[2]));
}

inline bool operator!=(const vec3 &t1, const vec3 &t2) {
	return ((t1[0] != t2[0]) || (t1[1] != t2[1]) || (t1[2] != t2[2]));
}

inline vec3 unitVector(const vec3& v) {
	float k = 1.0f / sqrt(v.e[0] * v.e[0] + v.e[1] * v.e[1] + v.e[2] * v.e[2]);
	return vec3(v.e[0] * k, v.e[1] * k, v.e[2] * k);
}

inline void vec3::makeUnitVector() {
	float k = 1.0f / sqrt(e[0] * e[0] + e[1] * e[1] + e[2] * e[2]);
	e[0] *= k; e[1] *= k; e[2] *= k;
}

inline vec3 operator+(const vec3 &v1, const vec3 &v2) {
	return vec3(v1.e[0] + v2.e[0], v1.e[1] + v2.e[1], v1.e[2] + v2.e[2]);
}

inline vec3 operator-(const vec3 &v1, const vec3 &v2) {
	return vec3(v1.e[0] - v2.e[0], v1.e[1] - v2.e[1], v1.e[2] - v2.e[2]);
}

inline vec3 operator*(float t, const vec3 &v) {
	return vec3(t*v.e[0], t*v.e[1], t*v.e[2]);
}

inline vec3 operator*(const vec3 &v, float t) {
	return vec3(t*v.e[0], t*v.e[1], t*v.e[2]);
}

inline vec3 operator/(const vec3 &v, float t) {
	return vec3(v.e[0] / t, v.e[1] / t, v.e[2] / t);
}

inline vec3 operator*(const vec3& v, const vec3& v2) {
	return vec3(v.e[0] * v2.e[0], v.e[1] * v2.e[1], v.e[2] * v2.e[2]);
}

inline float dot(const vec3 &v1, const vec3 &v2) {
	return v1.e[0] * v2.e[0] + v1.e[1] * v2.e[1] + v1.e[2] * v2.e[2];
}

inline vec3 cross(const vec3 &v1, const vec3 &v2) {
	return vec3((v1.e[1] * v2.e[2] - v1.e[2] * v2.e[1]),
		(v1.e[2] * v2.e[0] - v1.e[0] * v2.e[2]),
		(v1.e[0] * v2.e[1] - v1.e[1] * v2.e[0]));
}


inline vec3& vec3::operator+=(const vec3 &v) {
	e[0] += v.e[0];
	e[1] += v.e[1];
	e[2] += v.e[2];
	return *this;
}

inline vec3& vec3::operator-=(const vec3& v) {
	e[0] -= v.e[0];
	e[1] -= v.e[1];
	e[2] -= v.e[2];
	return *this;
}

inline vec3& vec3::operator*=(const float t) {
	e[0] *= t;
	e[1] *= t;
	e[2] *= t;
	return *this;
}

inline vec3& vec3::operator/=(const float t) {
	e[0] /= t;
	e[1] /= t;
	e[2] /= t;
	return *this;
}

inline
vec3 reflect(const vec3& in, const vec3& normal)
{
	// assumes unit length normal
	return in - normal * (2 * dot(in, normal));
}


#endif

dielectric.cpp

#include "dielectric.h"
inline bool refract(const vec3&v, const vec3 &n, float ni_over_nt, vec3& refracted) {
	vec3 uv = unitVector(v);
	float dt = dot(uv, n);
	float discriminant = 1.0 - ni_over_nt * ni_over_nt*(1 - dt * dt);
	if (discriminant > 0) {
		refracted = ni_over_nt * (uv - n * dt) - n * sqrt(discriminant);
		return true;
	}
	else
		return false;
}

bool dielectric::scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) {
	vec3 outward_normal;
	vec3 reflected = reflect(r_in.direction(), rec.normal);
	float ni_over_nt;
	/* ni_over_nt为入射介质的折射指数和折射介质的折射指数的比值*/
	attenuation = vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
	/*介质的衰减向量为（1，1，1）不是光线不衰减*/
	vec3 refracted;
	if (dot(r_in.direction(), rec.normal) > 0) {
		/* 光线的方向向量和球的法向量的点乘大于零，说明光线是从球体内部射入空气。所以，入射时的法向量和球的法向量方向相反；注意，ref_idx是指光密介质的折射指数和光疏介质的折射指数的比值，此时入射介质是光密介质，折射介质是光疏介质，所以ni_over_nt=ref_idx*/
		outward_normal = -rec.normal;
		ni_over_nt = ref_idx;
	}
	else {
		/*光线的方向向量和球的法向量的点乘bu大于零，说明光线是从空气射入球体气。所以，入射时的法向量和球的法向量方向同向；注意，ref_idx是指光密介质的折射指数和光疏介质的折射指数的比值，此时入射介质是光疏介质，折射介质是光密介质，所以ni_over_nt=1.0/ref_idx*/
		outward_normal = rec.normal;
		ni_over_nt = 1.0 / ref_idx;
	}
	if (refract(r_in.direction(), outward_normal, ni_over_nt, refracted)) {
		scattered = ray(rec.p, refracted);
	}
	else {
		/*计算折射光线方向向量的函数返回false，即出现全反射。但是，本章节讨论的是均匀球体，是不会有全反射的，所以，次数也返回false*/
		scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected);
		return false;
	}
	/*注意：这里只判断了“有没有折射光线”，除了全反射的情况，其他情况都是有折射光线的；而没有判断“有没有反射光线”，全反射是反射光线的一种，其他情况也都是有反射光线的，但是此处不考虑*/
	return true;
}

hitablelist.cpp

#include "hitablelist.h"
bool hitable_list::hit(const ray&r, float tmin, float tmax, hit_record& rec)const {
	hit_record temp_rec;
	bool hit_anything = false;
	double closest_so_far = tmax;
	for (int i = 0; i < list_size; i++) {
		if (list[i]->hit(r, tmin, closest_so_far, temp_rec)) {
			hit_anything = true;
			closest_so_far = temp_rec.t;
			rec = temp_rec;
		}
	}
	return hit_anything;
}

main.cpp

#include <stdlib.h>
#ifdef _WIN64
#define GLUT_NO_LIB_PRAGMA
#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")  // link with Microsoft OpenGL lib 
#pragma comment (lib, "glut64.lib")    // link with Win64 GLUT lib 
#endif //_WIN64
#ifdef _WIN32
//On Windows, include the local copy of glut.h and glext.h
#include "glut.h"
#include "glext.h"
#define GET_PROC_ADDRESS( str ) wglGetProcAddress( str )
#endif
#include "vec3.h"
#include "ray.h"
#define WIDTH 400
#define HEIGHT 200
unsigned char *Pixels;
#include "hitable.h"
#include "Sphere.h"
#include "hitablelist.h"
#define MAXFLOAT 20.0
#include "camera.h"
#include "time.h"
#include "dielectric.h"


vec3 color(const ray&r, hitable *world, int depth) {
	hit_record rec;
	if (world->hit(r, 0.001, MAXFLOAT, rec)) {
		ray scattered;
		vec3 attenuation;
		if (depth < 50 && rec.mat_ptr->scatter(r, rec, attenuation, scattered)) {
			return attenuation * color(scattered, world, depth + 1);
		}
		else {
			return vec3(0, 0, 0);
		}
	}
	else {
		vec3 unit_direction = unitVector(r.direction());
		float t = 0.5*(unit_direction.y() + 1.0);
		return (1.0 - t)*vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) + t * vec3(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
	}
}


void Draw(void) {
	glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
	glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
	glDrawPixels(WIDTH, HEIGHT, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Pixels);
	glFlush();
}

int main() {
	srand(time(NULL));
	Pixels = (unsigned char*)malloc(WIDTH*HEIGHT * sizeof(unsigned char) * 4);
	hitable *list[4];
	list[0] = new sphere(vec3(0, 0, -1.0), 0.5, new lambertian(vec3(0.8, 0.3, 0.3)));
	list[1] = new sphere(vec3(0.0, -100.5, -1.0), 100, new lambertian(vec3(0.8, 0.8, 0.0)));
	list[2] = new sphere(vec3(1.0, 0.0, -1.0), 0.5, new metal(vec3(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 0.3));
	list[3] = new sphere(vec3(-1.0, 0.0, -1.0), 0.5, new dielectric(1.5));

	hitable *world = new hitable_list(list, 4);
	camera cam;
	int ns = 100;
	for (int j = HEIGHT - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
		for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++) {
			vec3 col(0, 0, 0);
			for (int s = 0; s < ns; s++) {
				float u = float(i + rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0)) / float(WIDTH);
				float v = float(j + rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0)) / float(HEIGHT);
				ray r = cam.get_ray(u, v);
				vec3 p = r.pointAtParameter(2.0);
				col += color(r, world, 0);
			}
			col /= float(ns);
			col = vec3(sqrt(col[0]), sqrt(col[1]), sqrt(col[2]));
			int offset = (WIDTH * j + i) * 4;
			Pixels[offset + 0] = (unsigned char)255.99*col[0];
			Pixels[offset + 1] = (unsigned char)255.99*col[1];
			Pixels[offset + 2] = (unsigned char)255.99*col[2];
			Pixels[offset + 3] = 255;
		}
	}

	int argc = 0; char *argv = const_cast<char*>("");
	glutInit(&argc, &argv);
	glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGBA);
	glutInitWindowSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT);
	glutCreateWindow("bitmap");
	glutDisplayFunc(Draw);
	glutMainLoop();
}

sphere.cpp

#include "sphere.h"
bool sphere::hit(const ray&r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record&rec)const {
	vec3 oc = r.origin() - center;
	float a = dot(r.direction(), r.direction());
	float b = 2.0 * dot(oc, r.direction());
	float c = dot(oc, oc) - radius * radius;
	float discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;

	if (discriminant > 0) {
		float temp = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0*a);
		if (temp < t_max && temp > t_min) {
			rec.t = temp;
			rec.p = r.pointAtParameter(rec.t);
			rec.normal = (rec.p - center) / radius;
			rec.mat_ptr = m_material;
			return true;
		}

		temp = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0*a);

		if (temp < t_max && temp > t_min) {
			rec.t = temp;
			rec.p = r.pointAtParameter(rec.t);
			rec.normal = (rec.p - center) / radius;
			rec.mat_ptr = m_material;
			return true;
		}
	}

	return false;
}

在这里插入图片描述

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