原文链接:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03657.pdf
简介
背景:从Conditional GAN在输入中加上标签来控制数据生成数据的类别到Deep Conventional GAN发现输入的随机噪声可以控制生成数据的形态,我们已经可以十分肯定,输入的随机噪声可以决定生成的数据,但是它是如何决定的?我们又该如何利用这个原理呢?
核心思想:将输入生成器的向量分为两部分:一为随机噪声z,二为潜在约束编码c;然后通过c来控制生成数据。
引入了约束编码c后,我们势必要考虑一个问题就是:如何使得约束编码c与生成数据相对应呢?此处本文与Conditional GAN的生成器结构十分相似,甚至于将上图中的c换为标签的话,那么Info GAN的生成器就退化成了Conditional GAN的。他们在判别器的设计上有所不同,Conditional GAN是将约束标签与图片一起送入判别器,因为类比标签我们是明确他控制类别的,无需基于它去进行训练。而InfoGAN的约束向量是一个未知的约束条件,是需要训练的。所以,在判别器提取特征之后,使用一个Q网络(FC层)来回归出约束向量,并与生成器输入的约束向量求LOSS来逐步优化。
基础结构
基础概念
信息熵
香农提出了“信息熵”的概念,才解决了对信息的量化度量问题。
在信源中,考虑的不是某一单个符号发生的不确定性,而是要考虑这个信源所有可能发生情况的平均不确定性。若信源符号有n种取值:U1…Ui…Un,对应概率为:P1…Pi…Pn,且各种符号的出现彼此独立。这时,信源的平均不确定性应当为单个符号不确定性-logPi的统计平均值(E),可称为信息熵:
式中对数一般取2为底,单位为比特。但是,也可以取其它对数底,采用其它相应的单位,它们间可用换底公式换算。
互信息
它可以看成是一个随机变量中包含的关于另一个随机变量的信息量,或者说是一个随机变量由于已知另一个随机变量而减少的不肯定性。
优化流程
从互信息可以看出当p(x)和q(x)独立的时候,I(X;Y)为0,表示无关;若I(X;Y)很高,则可以表示两组关系很大。从生成器中得到了任意x,目标让生成器中的后验Pg(c∣x) ,即潜在编码c具有更小的信息熵;这样才能描述从x到c的回溯过程仍然没有丢失潜在编码的信息:
此式中前半部分为常规GAN的目标函数,后半部分是以生成器输出与约束编码的互信息作为惩罚项,惩罚系数为。
约束编码的后验分布
由于我们无法得知约束编码的后验分布,于是我们使用添加的Q网络结构来回归约束编码c,通过神经网络训练来拟合出约束编码c的分布。
此处有关于一个关于条件概率的期望证明,即条件概率的期望与其本身的期望是一样的:
上式为等价递推,则我们可以由此知道:
基于上面这个结论,我们最后可以缩放互信息为:
将目标函数简化为:
代码与实践结果
参考链接(https://github.com/eriklindernoren/PyTorch-GAN/blob/master/implementations/infogan/infogan.py)
import argparse
import os
import numpy as np
import math
import itertools
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torchvision.utils import save_image
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import datasets
from torch.autograd import Variable
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch
os.makedirs("images/static/", exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs("images/varying_c1/", exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs("images/varying_c2/", exist_ok=True)
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--n_epochs", type=int, default=200, help="number of epochs of training")
parser.add_argument("--batch_size", type=int, default=64, help="size of the batches")
parser.add_argument("--lr", type=float, default=0.0002, help="adam: learning rate")
parser.add_argument("--b1", type=float, default=0.5, help="adam: decay of first order momentum of gradient")
parser.add_argument("--b2", type=float, default=0.999, help="adam: decay of first order momentum of gradient")
parser.add_argument("--n_cpu", type=int, default=8, help="number of cpu threads to use during batch generation")
parser.add_argument("--latent_dim", type=int, default=62, help="dimensionality of the latent space")
parser.add_argument("--code_dim", type=int, default=2, help="latent code")
parser.add_argument("--n_classes", type=int, default=10, help="number of classes for dataset")
parser.add_argument("--img_size", type=int, default=32, help="size of each image dimension")
parser.add_argument("--channels", type=int, default=1, help="number of image channels")
parser.add_argument("--sample_interval", type=int, default=400, help="interval between image sampling")
opt = parser.parse_args()
print(opt)
cuda = True if torch.cuda.is_available() else False
def weights_init_normal(m):
classname = m.__class__.__name__
if classname.find("Conv") != -1:
torch.nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 0.0, 0.02)
elif classname.find("BatchNorm") != -1:
torch.nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 1.0, 0.02)
torch.nn.init.constant_(m.bias.data, 0.0)
def to_categorical(y, num_columns):
"""Returns one-hot encoded Variable"""
y_cat = np.zeros((y.shape[0], num_columns))
y_cat[range(y.shape[0]), y] = 1.0
return Variable(FloatTensor(y_cat))
class Generator(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Generator, self).__init__()
input_dim = opt.latent_dim + opt.n_classes + opt.code_dim
self.init_size = opt.img_size // 4 # Initial size before upsampling
self.l1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(input_dim, 128 * self.init_size ** 2))
self.conv_blocks = nn.Sequential(
nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2),
nn.Conv2d(128, 128, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm2d(128, 0.8),
nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True),
nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2),
nn.Conv2d(128, 64, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm2d(64, 0.8),
nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True),
nn.Conv2d(64, opt.channels, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
nn.Tanh(),
)
def forward(self, noise, labels, code):
gen_input = torch.cat((noise, labels, code), -1)
out = self.l1(gen_input)
out = out.view(out.shape[0], 128, self.init_size, self.init_size)
img = self.conv_blocks(out)
return img
class Discriminator(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Discriminator, self).__init__()
def discriminator_block(in_filters, out_filters, bn=True):
"""Returns layers of each discriminator block"""
block = [nn.Conv2d(in_filters, out_filters, 3, 2, 1), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), nn.Dropout2d(0.25)]
if bn:
block.append(nn.BatchNorm2d(out_filters, 0.8))
return block
self.conv_blocks = nn.Sequential(
*discriminator_block(opt.channels, 16, bn=False),
*discriminator_block(16, 32),
*discriminator_block(32, 64),
*discriminator_block(64, 128),
)
# The height and width of downsampled image
ds_size = opt.img_size // 2 ** 4
# Output layers
self.adv_layer = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(128 * ds_size ** 2, 1))
self.aux_layer = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(128 * ds_size ** 2, opt.n_classes), nn.Softmax())
self.latent_layer = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(128 * ds_size ** 2, opt.code_dim))
def forward(self, img):
out = self.conv_blocks(img)
out = out.view(out.shape[0], -1)
validity = self.adv_layer(out)
label = self.aux_layer(out)
latent_code = self.latent_layer(out)
return validity, label, latent_code
# Loss functions
adversarial_loss = torch.nn.MSELoss()
categorical_loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
continuous_loss = torch.nn.MSELoss()
# Loss weights
lambda_cat = 1
lambda_con = 0.1
# Initialize generator and discriminator
generator = Generator()
discriminator = Discriminator()
if cuda:
generator.cuda()
discriminator.cuda()
adversarial_loss.cuda()
categorical_loss.cuda()
continuous_loss.cuda()
# Initialize weights
generator.apply(weights_init_normal)
discriminator.apply(weights_init_normal)
# Configure data loader
os.makedirs("../../data/mnist", exist_ok=True)
dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
datasets.MNIST(
"../../data/mnist",
train=True,
download=True,
transform=transforms.Compose(
[transforms.Resize(opt.img_size), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5])]
),
),
batch_size=opt.batch_size,
shuffle=True,
)
# Optimizers
optimizer_G = torch.optim.Adam(generator.parameters(), lr=opt.lr, betas=(opt.b1, opt.b2))
optimizer_D = torch.optim.Adam(discriminator.parameters(), lr=opt.lr, betas=(opt.b1, opt.b2))
optimizer_info = torch.optim.Adam(
itertools.chain(generator.parameters(), discriminator.parameters()), lr=opt.lr, betas=(opt.b1, opt.b2)
)
FloatTensor = torch.cuda.FloatTensor if cuda else torch.FloatTensor
LongTensor = torch.cuda.LongTensor if cuda else torch.LongTensor
# Static generator inputs for sampling
static_z = Variable(FloatTensor(np.zeros((opt.n_classes ** 2, opt.latent_dim))))
static_label = to_categorical(
np.array([num for _ in range(opt.n_classes) for num in range(opt.n_classes)]), num_columns=opt.n_classes
)
static_code = Variable(FloatTensor(np.zeros((opt.n_classes ** 2, opt.code_dim))))
def sample_image(n_row, batches_done):
"""Saves a grid of generated digits ranging from 0 to n_classes"""
# Static sample
z = Variable(FloatTensor(np.random.normal(0, 1, (n_row ** 2, opt.latent_dim))))
static_sample = generator(z, static_label, static_code)
save_image(static_sample.data, "images/static/%d.png" % batches_done, nrow=n_row, normalize=True)
# Get varied c1 and c2
zeros = np.zeros((n_row ** 2, 1))
#约束编码分为两部分:一部是零向量zeros,一部分是c_varied
#交换前后两部分,分别得到不同的生数据
c_varied = np.repeat(np.linspace(-1, 1, n_row)[:, np.newaxis], n_row, 0)
c1 = Variable(FloatTensor(np.concatenate((c_varied, zeros), -1)))
c2 = Variable(FloatTensor(np.concatenate((zeros, c_varied), -1)))
#采样
sample1 = generator(static_z, static_label, c1)
sample2 = generator(static_z, static_label, c2)
save_image(sample1.data, "images/varying_c1/%d.png" % batches_done, nrow=n_row, normalize=True)
save_image(sample2.data, "images/varying_c2/%d.png" % batches_done, nrow=n_row, normalize=True)
# ----------
# Training
# ----------
for epoch in range(opt.n_epochs):
for i, (imgs, labels) in enumerate(dataloader):
batch_size = imgs.shape[0]
# Adversarial ground truths
valid = Variable(FloatTensor(batch_size, 1).fill_(1.0), requires_grad=False)
fake = Variable(FloatTensor(batch_size, 1).fill_(0.0), requires_grad=False)
# Configure input
real_imgs = Variable(imgs.type(FloatTensor))
labels = to_categorical(labels.numpy(), num_columns=opt.n_classes)
# -----------------
# Train Generator
# -----------------
optimizer_G.zero_grad()
# Sample noise and labels as generator input
z = Variable(FloatTensor(np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, opt.latent_dim))))
label_input = to_categorical(np.random.randint(0, opt.n_classes, batch_size), num_columns=opt.n_classes)
code_input = Variable(FloatTensor(np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (batch_size, opt.code_dim))))
# Generate a batch of images
gen_imgs = generator(z, label_input, code_input)
# Loss measures generator's ability to fool the discriminator
validity, _, _ = discriminator(gen_imgs)
g_loss = adversarial_loss(validity, valid)
g_loss.backward()
optimizer_G.step()
# ---------------------
# Train Discriminator
# ---------------------
optimizer_D.zero_grad()
# Loss for real images
real_pred, _, _ = discriminator(real_imgs)
d_real_loss = adversarial_loss(real_pred, valid)
# Loss for fake images
fake_pred, _, _ = discriminator(gen_imgs.detach())
d_fake_loss = adversarial_loss(fake_pred, fake)
# Total discriminator loss
d_loss = (d_real_loss + d_fake_loss) / 2
d_loss.backward()
optimizer_D.step()
# ------------------
# Information Loss
# ------------------
optimizer_info.zero_grad()
# Sample labels
sampled_labels = np.random.randint(0, opt.n_classes, batch_size)
# Ground truth labels
gt_labels = Variable(LongTensor(sampled_labels), requires_grad=False)
# Sample noise, labels and code as generator input
z = Variable(FloatTensor(np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, opt.latent_dim))))
label_input = to_categorical(sampled_labels, num_columns=opt.n_classes)
code_input = Variable(FloatTensor(np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (batch_size, opt.code_dim))))
gen_imgs = generator(z, label_input, code_input)
_, pred_label, pred_code = discriminator(gen_imgs)
info_loss = lambda_cat * categorical_loss(pred_label, gt_labels) + lambda_con * continuous_loss(
pred_code, code_input
)
info_loss.backward()
optimizer_info.step()
# --------------
# Log Progress
# --------------
print(
"[Epoch %d/%d] [Batch %d/%d] [D loss: %f] [G loss: %f] [info loss: %f]"
% (epoch, opt.n_epochs, i, len(dataloader), d_loss.item(), g_loss.item(), info_loss.item())
)
batches_done = epoch * len(dataloader) + i
if batches_done % opt.sample_interval == 0:
sample_image(n_row=10, batches_done=batches_done)
minist测试数据
训练时的记录 通过约束变量c控制粗细 通过约束变量c控制大小