C++11介绍之vector::push_back和vector::emplace_back区别

vector::push_back和vector::emplace_back区别

emplace_back() 和 push_back() 功能上类似，但底层实现机制是不同的。push_back() 向容器尾部添加元素时，首先会创建这个元素(调用构造函数)，然后再将这个元素拷贝或者移动到容器中（调用复制构造函数或者移动构造函数）；而 emplace_back() 在实现时，则是直接在容器尾部创建这个元素，也就是只会调用一次构造函数。

简单实例

下面给出一个简单的例子：

#include <vector> 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;
class testDemo
{
public:
    testDemo(int num):num(num){
        std::cout << "call constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(const testDemo& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call copy constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(testDemo&& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call move constructor function" << endl;
    }
private:
    int num;
};

int main()
{
    cout << "emplace_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo1;
    demo1.emplace_back(2);
    cout << "push_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo2;
    demo2.push_back(2);
}

输出结果如下：

emplace_back:
call constructor function
push_back:
call constructor function
call move constructor function

可以看到push_back会调用构造函数和移动构造函数，而emplace_back只会调用构造函数，需要注意push_back在类有移动构造函数的时候会默认先调用移动构造函数，若没有移动构造函数才会调用复制构造函数，例如如果把移动构造函数去掉：

#include <vector> 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;
class testDemo
{
public:
    testDemo(int num):num(num){
        std::cout << "call constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(const testDemo& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call copy constructor function" << endl;
    }
    /*
    testDemo(testDemo&& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call move constructor function" << endl;
    }
    */
private:
    int num;
};

int main()
{
    cout << "emplace_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo1;
    demo1.emplace_back(2);
    cout << "push_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo2;
    demo2.push_back(2);
}

输出结果如下：

emplace_back:
call constructor function
push_back:
call constructor function
call copy constructor function

一个更复杂实例

下面给一个更复杂的实例：

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

class Str{
    public:
        char *str;
        int id;
        Str(const char value[], const int id)
        {
            cout<<"origin construct function..."<< value <<endl;
            str = NULL;
            int len = strlen(value);
            str = new char[len + 1];
            memset(str,0,len + 1);
            strcpy(str,value);
            this->id = id;
        }
        Str(const Str &s)
        {
            cout<<"copy construct function..." << s.str<<endl;
            str = NULL;
            int len = strlen(s.str);
            str = new char[len + 1];
            memset(str,0,len + 1);
            strcpy(str,s.str);
            this->id = s.id;
        }
        Str(Str &&s)
        {
            cout<<"move construct function..."<<endl;
            str = s.str;
            id = s.id;
            s.str = NULL;
        }
        ~Str()
        {
            if(str != NULL)
            {
                cout<<"destruct funciton..." <<str<<endl;
                delete []str;
                str = NULL;
            }
        }
};
int main()
{
    vector<Str> strVec;
    vector<Str> strVec1;
    cout<<"********push_back****************"<<endl;
    strVec.push_back(Str("abc",123));
    cout<<"********emplace_back****************"<<endl;
    strVec1.emplace_back("def",345);
    cout<<"********finish****************"<<endl;
    return 0;
}

输出结果如下：

********push_back****************
origin construct function...abc
move construct function...
********emplace_back****************
origin construct function...def
********finish****************
destruct funciton...def
destruct funciton...abc

可以看到，emplace_back支持直接传入构造函数的参数来构造创建元素，而push_back必须先构造元素，再通过复制构造函数传入。