javascript基本知識-w3Schools-2

1. JavaScript Numbers

1)

var myNumber = 128;
myNumber.toString(16);     // returns 80
myNumber.toString(8);      // returns 200
myNumber.toString(2);      // returns 10000000

2)Infinity

Infinity (or -Infinity) is the value JavaScript will return if you calculate a number outside the largest possible number.

var x =  2 / 0;          // x will be Infinity
var y = -2 / 0;          // y will be -Infinity 
typeof Infinity;         // returns "number"

3)NaN - Not a Number

var x = 100 / "Apple";   // x will be NaN (Not a Number)
var x = 100 / "10";      // x will be 10

// You can use the global JavaScript function isNaN() to find out if a value is a number.
var x = 100 / "Apple";
isNaN(x);               // returns true because x is Not a Number 

// Watch out for NaN. If you use NaN in a mathematical operation, the result will also be NaN: 
var x = NaN;
var y = 5;
var z = x + y;         // z will be NaN 

// Or the result might be a concatenation: 
var x = NaN;
var y = "5";
var z = x + y;         // z will be NaN5

2. JavaScript Number Methods

1)The toExponential() Method

指数表記で表した文字列を返します

var x = 9.656; 
// The parameter is optional. If you don't specify it, JavaScript will not round the number.
x.toExponential();     // returns 9.656e+0
x.toExponential(2);     // returns 9.66e+0
x.toExponential(4);     // returns 9.6560e+0
x.toExponential(6);     // returns 9.656000e+0 

2)The toFixed() Method

toFixed() returns a string, with the number written with a specified number of decimals:

var x = 9.656;
x.toFixed(0);           // returns 10
x.toFixed(2);           // returns 9.66
x.toFixed(4);           // returns 9.6560
x.toFixed(6);           // returns 9.656000 

3)The toPrecision() Method

toPrecision() returns a string, with a number written with a specified length:

var x = 9.656;
x.toPrecision();        // returns 9.656
x.toPrecision(2);       // returns 9.7
x.toPrecision(4);       // returns 9.656
x.toPrecision(6);       // returns 9.65600 

4)Converting Variables to Numbers

There are 3 JavaScript methods that can be used to convert variables to numbers:
**The Number() method
The parseInt() method
The parseFloat() method**

a)Number()

x = true;
Number(x);        // returns 1

x = false;     
Number(x);        // returns 0

// Used on Date(), the Number() method returns the number of milliseconds since 1.1.1970.
x = new Date();
Number(x);        // returns 1404568027739

x = "10"
Number(x);        // returns 10

x = "10 20"
Number(x);        // returns NaN 

b)parseInt()

parses a string and returns a whole number. Spaces are allowed. Only the first number is returned:

parseInt("10");         // returns 10
parseInt("10.33");      // returns 10
parseInt("10 20 30");   // returns 10
parseInt("10 years");   // returns 10
parseInt("years 10");   // returns NaN 

c)parseFloat()

parses a string and returns a number. Spaces are allowed. Only the first number is returned:

parseFloat("10");        // returns 10
parseFloat("10.33");     // returns 10.33
parseFloat("10 20 30");  // returns 10
parseFloat("10 years");  // returns 10
parseFloat("years 10");  // returns NaN 

5)Number Properties

Property	Description
MAX_VALUE	Returns the largest number possible in JavaScript
MIN_VALUE	Returns the smallest number possible in JavaScript
NEGATIVE_INFINITY	Represents negative infinity (returned on overflow)
NaN	Represents a “Not-a-Number” value
POSITIVE_INFINITY	Represents infinity (returned on overflow)

source：

x = Number.MAX_VALUE;            // 1.7976931348623157e+308
x = Number.MIN_VALUE;            // 5e-324
x = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;    // -Infinity
x = Number.NaN;                  // NaN
x = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;    // Infinity

//[**]Number properties belongs to the JavaScript's number object wrapper called Number.
//These properties can only be accessed as Number.MAX_VALUE.
//Using myNumber.MAX_VALUE, where myNumber is a variable, expression, or value, will return undefined:
var x = 6;
var y = x.MAX_VALUE;             // y becomes undefined

3. JavaScript Math Object

1)Math.min() and Math.max()

Math.min(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200);      // returns -200 
Math.max(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200);      // returns 150 

2)Math.random()

Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1 (exclusive)

3)Math.round()

Math.round() rounds a number to the nearest integer:

Math.round(4.7);            // returns 5
Math.round(4.4);            // returns 4 
Math.round(4.5);            // returns 5

4)Math.ceil()

Math.ceil() rounds a number up to the nearest integer:

Math.ceil(4.4);             // returns 5 

5)Math.floor()

Math.floor() rounds a number down to the nearest integer:

Math.floor(4.7);            // returns 4 

6)Math.abs(x)

Math.abs(-7.25);            // 7.25

7)math.pow()

Math.pow(4, 3);             // 64

8)Math.sqrt()

Math.sqrt(9);               // 3

4. JavaScript Dates

1)Creating Date Objects

There are 4 ways of initiating a date:
new Date()
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(dateString)
new Date(year, month[, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds])
[]JavaScript counts months from 0 to 11. January is 0. December is 11.**

2)Displaying Dates

d = new Date();
d.toString();      // Thu Jun 30 2016 14:44:27 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
d.toUTCString();   // Thu, 30 Jun 2016 05:44:39 GMT
d.toDateString();  // Thu Jun 30 2016

3)

When setting a date, without specifying the time zone, JavaScript will use the browser’s time zone.
When getting a date, without specifying the time zone, the result is converted to the browser’s time zone
In other words: If a date/time is created in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), the date/time will be converted to CDT (Central US Daylight Time) if a user browses from central US.

5. JavaScript Date Formats

There are generally 4 types of JavaScript date formats:
**ISO Dates
Long Dates
Short Dates
Full Format**

1)JavaScript ISO Dates [-]

ISO 8601 is the international standard for the representation of dates and times.
The ISO 8601 syntax (YYYY-MM-DD) is also the preferred JavaScript date format:

var d = new Date("2015-03-25");  // Wed Mar 25 2015 09:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
//The computed date will be relative to your time zone.
//Depending on your time zone, the result above will vary between March 24 and March 25.  [**?why]

var d = new Date("2015-03");    // Sun Mar 01 2015 09:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
//Time zones will vary the result above between February 28 and March 01. [**why?]

new Date("2015");               // Thu Jan 01 2015 09:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
//Time zones will vary the result above between December 31 2014 and January 01 2015. [**why?]

var d = new Date("2015-03-25T12:00:00");  // Wed Mar 25 2015 12:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
//The T in the date string, between the date and time, indicates UTC time.
//UTC (Universal Time Coordinated)  is the same as GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).  

2)JavaScript Short Dates [/]

var d = new Date("03/25/2015");
var d = new Date("2015/03/25");

[**]Leading Zero WARNING !
In most browsers, months or days with no leading zeroes will be interpreted as short dates:

var d = new Date("2015-3-25");   // Invalid Date
var d = new Date("2015-03-25");  // Wed Mar 25 2015 09:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
var d = new Date("2015/3/25");   // Wed Mar 25 2015 00:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
var d = new Date("2015/03/25");  // Wed Mar 25 2015 00:00:00 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))

3)JavaScript Long Dates [MMM DD YYYY]

var d = new Date("Mar 25 2015"); 
var d = new Date("25 Mar 2015"); 
var d = new Date("January 25 2015"); 
var d = new Date("January 25 2015"); 
var d = new Date("JANUARY, 25, 2015");  // Commas are ignored. Names are case insensitive

4)Full Date Format

JavaScript will accept date strings in “full JavaScript format”:
var d = new Date(“Wed Mar 25 2015 09:56:24 GMT+0100 (W. Europe Standard Time)”);
// Wed Mar 25 2015 17:56:24 GMT+0900 (東京 (標準時))
JavaScript will ignore errors both in the day name and in the time parentheses:
var d = new Date(“Fri Mar 25 2015 09:56:24 GMT+0100 (Tokyo Time)”);

6. JavaScript Date Methods

1)Date Get Methods

Method	Description
getDate()	Get the day as a number (1-31)
getDay()	Get the weekday as a number (0-6)sun:0
getFullYear()	Get the four digit year (yyyy)
getHours()	Get the hour (0-23)
getMilliseconds()	Get the milliseconds (0-999)
getMinutes()	Get the minutes (0-59)
getMonth()	Get the month (0-11)
getSeconds()	Get the seconds (0-59)
getTime()	Get the time (milliseconds since January 1, 1970)

~

<script>
var d = new Date();
var days = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];
 document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = days[d.getDay()];
</script> 

2)Date Set Methods

Method	Description
setDate()	Set the day as a number (1-31)
setFullYear()	Set the year (optionally month and day)
setHours()	Set the hour (0-23)
setMilliseconds()	Set the milliseconds (0-999)
setMinutes()	Set the minutes (0-59)
setMonth()	Set the month (0-11)
setSeconds()	Set the seconds (0-59)
setTime()	Set the time (milliseconds since January 1, 1970)

The setDate() method can also be used to add days to a date:

<script>
var d = new Date();
d.setDate(d.getDate() + 50);
</script>

3)Date.parse()

returns the number of milliseconds between the date and January 1, 1970

4)Compare Dates

day1 < day2 : day1 is bofore day2

7. JavaScript Arrays

1)Adding Array Elements

<script>
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.push("Lemon");                // Banana,Orange,Apple,Mango,Lemon
fruits[fruits.length] = "Lemon";     // adds a new element (Lemon) to fruits

// Adding elements with high indexes can create undefined "holes" in an array:
fruits[10] = "Lemon";    // Banana,Orange,Apple,Mango,,,,,,,Lemon  fruits[6] undefined
</script>

2)In JavaScript, arrays always use numbered indexes.

WARNING !!
If you use a named index, JavaScript will redefine the array to a standard object.
After that, all array methods and properties will produce incorrect results.

<script>
var person = [];
person["firstName"] = "John";
person["lastName"] = "Doe";
person["age"] = 46;
var x = person.length;         // person.length will return 0
var y = person[0];             // person[0] will return undefined
typeof person                  // object
</script>

3)How to Recognize an Array

a)Array.isArray() [ECMAScript 5]

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
Array.isArray(fruits);           // true

b)create your own isArray() function

<script>
function isArray(x) {
    return x.constructor.toString().indexOf("Array") > -1;
}
// arrayName.constructor : function Array() { [native code] } 
</script>

c)instanceof

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits instanceof Array     // returns true

8. JavaScript Array Methods

1)Converting Arrays to Strings

a)toString()

b)join()

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange","Apple", "Mango"];
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = fruits.join(" * ");  // Banana * Orange * Apple * Mango

2)pop()

The pop() method returns the value that was “popped out”

<script>
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
var x = fruits.pop();      // the value of x is "Mango"
</script>

3)push()

The push() method returns the new array length:

<script>
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
var x = fruits.push("Kiwi");   //  the value of x is 5
</script>

4)Shifting Elements

Shifting is equivalent to popping, working on the first element instead of the last.
The shift() method removes the first array element and “shifts” all other elements to a lower index.

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.shift();            // Orange,Apple,Mango 

The unshift() method adds a new element to an array (at the beginning), and “unshifts” older elements:

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.unshift("Lemon");    // Lemon,Banana,Orange,Apple,Mango 

The shift() method returns the string that was “shifted out”.
The unshift() method returns the new array length.

5)Deleting Elements

<script>
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
delete fruits[0];           // Changes the first element in fruits to undefined
// [**]Using delete may leave undefined holes in the array. Use pop() or shift() instead. 
</script>

6)Splicing an Array

The splice() method can be used to add new items to an array:

<script>
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.splice(2, 0, "Lemon", "Kiwi"); // Banana,Orange,Lemon,Kiwi,Apple,Mango
fruits.splice(2, 1, "Lemon", "Kiwi"); //Banana,Orange,Lemon,Kiwi,Mango
fruits.splice(0, 1);        // Removes the first element of fruits

// The first parameter (2) defines the position where new elements should be added (spliced in).
// The second parameter (0) defines how many elements should be removed.
// The rest of the parameters ("Lemon" , "Kiwi") define the new elements to be added.
</script>

7)Joining Arrays

The concat() method creates a new array by concatenating two arrays:

<script>
var myGirls = ["Cecilie", "Lone"];
var myBoys = ["Emil", "Tobias","Linus"];
var myChildren = myGirls.concat(myBoys);     // Concatenates (joins) myGirls and myBoys

// The concat() method can take any number of array arguments:
var arr1 = ["Cecilie", "Lone"];
var arr2 = ["Emil", "Tobias","Linus"];
var arr3 = ["Robin", "Morgan"];
var myChildren = arr1.concat(arr2, arr3);     // Concatenates arr1 with arr2 and arr3
</script>

8)Slicing an Array

The slice() method slices out a piece of an array into a new array.

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", "Mango"];
var citrus = fruits.slice(1); // citrus: Orange,Lemon,Apple,Mango

// The slice() method can take two arguments like slice(1,3).
// The method then selects elements from the start argument, and up to (but not including) the end argument.
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", "Mango"];
var citrus = fruits.slice(1, 3); //citrus: Orange,Lemon

9. JavaScript Sorting Arrays

1) Sorting an Array

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.sort();            // Sorts the elements of fruits

2)Reversing an Array

The reverse() method reverses the elements in an array.
You can use it to sort an array in descending order:

var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.sort();            // Sorts the elements of fruits 
fruits.reverse();         // Reverses the order of the elements

3)compare function

var points = [40, 100, 1, 5, 25, 10];
points.sort(function(a, b){return a - b});

// Use the same trick to sort an array descending:
points.sort(function(a, b){return b - a});

// Sorting an Array in Random Order];
points.sort(function(a, b){return 0.5 - Math.random()});

// Sorting Object Arrays
var cars = [
{type:"Volvo", year:2016},
{type:"Saab", year:2001},
{type:"BMW", year:2010}];
cars.sort(function(a, b){return a.year - b.year});

// Comparing string 
cars.sort(function(a, b){
    var x = a.type.toLowerCase();
    var y = b.type.toLowerCase();
    if (x < y) {return -1;}
    if (x > y) {return 1;}
    return 0;
});

4)