深度学习基础 - 标量、向量、矩阵、张量
flyfish
公元前约350年前,古希腊著名学者亚里士多德 在研究力的时候发现,作用在物体同一点上的两个力,实际结果不是一个简单的加法,需要一个平行四边形法则来计算.
向量这个词是怎么来的
1 向量与矢量 没有差别,一个词的两个叫法
2 向量来自英文的vector,而英文的vector来自拉丁文的vehere,意思是“携带”,其含义隐含着将某物从此处带到彼处的意思。
3有过多种译法,譬如有向数、有向量、方向量等。现在物理学界称之为矢量,数学界称之为向量。
4 英国数学家哈密顿最早使用向量这个术语,他也是第一个用“向量(vector))表示有向线段的数学家。
行向量
中括号( box brackets) 与 小括号(parentheses) 通用
[
A
1
,
A
2
,
⋯
A
n
]
\left[A_{1}, A_{2}, \cdots A_{n}\right]
[A1,A2,⋯An]
列向量
[
B
1
B
2
⋮
B
m
]
\left[ \begin{array}{c}{B_{1}} \\ {B_{2}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {B_{m}}\end{array}\right]
⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡B1B2⋮Bm⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) T = ( 1 2 3 4 ) (1,2,3,4)^{T}=\left( \begin{array}{l}{1} \\ {2} \\ {3} \\ {4}\end{array}\right) (1,2,3,4)T=⎝⎜⎜⎛1234⎠⎟⎟⎞
( 1 2 3 4 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) \left( \begin{array}{l}{1} \\ {2} \\ {3} \\ {4}\end{array}\right)=(1,2,3,4) ⎝⎜⎜⎛1234⎠⎟⎟⎞=(1,2,3,4)
向量的加法
(
x
1
⋮
x
n
)
+
(
y
1
⋮
y
n
)
=
(
x
1
+
y
1
⋮
x
n
+
y
n
)
\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {x_{n}}\end{array}\right)+\left( \begin{array}{c}{y_{1}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {y_{n}}\end{array}\right)=\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}+y_{1}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {x_{n}+y_{n}}\end{array}\right)
⎝⎜⎛x1⋮xn⎠⎟⎞+⎝⎜⎛y1⋮yn⎠⎟⎞=⎝⎜⎛x1+y1⋮xn+yn⎠⎟⎞
( 1 2 3 ) + ( 4 5 6 ) = ( 5 7 9 ) \left( \begin{array}{l}{1} \\ {2} \\ {3}\end{array}\right)+\left( \begin{array}{l}{4} \\ {5} \\ {6}\end{array}\right)=\left( \begin{array}{l}{5} \\ {7} \\ {9}\end{array}\right) ⎝⎛123⎠⎞+⎝⎛456⎠⎞=⎝⎛579⎠⎞
常数和向量的乘法
c
(
x
1
⋮
x
n
)
=
(
c
x
1
⋮
c
x
n
)
c \left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {x_{n}}\end{array}\right)=\left( \begin{array}{c}{c x_{1}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {c x_{n}}\end{array}\right)
c⎝⎜⎛x1⋮xn⎠⎟⎞=⎝⎜⎛cx1⋮cxn⎠⎟⎞
3 ( 1 2 3 ) = ( 3 6 9 ) 3 \left( \begin{array}{l}{1} \\ {2} \\ {3}\end{array}\right)=\left( \begin{array}{l}{3} \\ {6} \\ {9}\end{array}\right) 3⎝⎛123⎠⎞=⎝⎛369⎠⎞
矩阵
矩阵这个词是怎么来的
在我国的《九章算术》一书中已经有所描述,只是没有将它作为一个独立的概念加以研究,而仅用它解决实际问题,所以没能形成独立的矩阵理论。《九章算术》就是数学应用大全。
1850年,英国数学家西尔维斯特 (SylveSter,1814 -1897)在研究方程的个数与未知量的个数不相同的线性方程组时,由于无法使用行列式,所以引入了矩阵的概念。看这里,一个问题解决不了就会引出一个新的词,就像导数与极限的关系,按照逻辑先有极限再有导数,历史次序正好相反。在逻辑上,矩阵的概念应先于行列式的概念,历史上他们出场的次序也是相反的。
1855年,英国数学家凯莱 (Caylag,1821-1895)在研究线性变换下的不变量时,为了简洁、方便,引入了矩阵的概念。1858年,凯莱在《矩阵论的研究报告》中,定义了两个矩阵相等、相加以及数与矩阵的数乘等运算和算律,同时,定义了零矩阵、单位阵等特殊矩阵,更重要的是在该文中他给出了矩阵相乘、矩阵可逆等概念,以及利用伴随阵求逆阵的方法,证明了有关的算律,如矩阵乘法有结合律,没有交换律,两个非零阵乘积可以为零矩阵等结论,定义了转置阵、对称阵、反对称阵等概念。
1878年,德国数学家弗罗伯纽斯 (Frobeniws,1849-917)在他的论文中引入了λ 矩阵的行列式因子、不变因子和初等因子等概念,证明了两个λ 矩阵等价当且仅当它们有相同的不变因子和初等因子,同时给出了正交矩阵的定义,1879年,他又在自己的论文中引进矩阵秩的概念.
A
=
[
a
11
a
12
⋯
a
1
n
a
21
a
22
⋯
a
2
n
⋮
⋮
⋱
⋮
a
m
1
a
m
2
⋯
a
m
n
]
=
(
a
11
a
12
⋯
a
1
n
a
21
a
22
⋯
a
2
n
⋮
⋮
⋱
⋮
a
m
1
a
m
2
⋯
a
m
n
)
=
(
a
i
j
)
∈
R
m
×
n
\mathbf{A}=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {a_{12}} & {\cdots} & {a_{1 n}} \\ {a_{21}} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {a_{2 n}} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1}} & {a_{m 2}} & {\cdots} & {a_{m n}}\end{array}\right]=\left( \begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {a_{12}} & {\cdots} & {a_{1 n}} \\ {a_{21}} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {a_{2 n}} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {a_{m 1}} & {a_{m 2}} & {\cdots} & {a_{m n}}\end{array}\right)=\left(a_{i j}\right) \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}
A=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎛a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎞=(aij)∈Rm×n
一般线性方程组
{
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
1
n
x
n
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
2
n
x
n
=
b
2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
a
m
1
x
1
+
a
m
2
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
m
n
x
n
=
b
m
\left\{\begin{array}{c}{a_{11} x_{1}+a_{12} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{1 n} x_{n}=b_{1}} \\ {a_{21} x_{1}+a_{22} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{2 n} x_{n}=b_{2}} \\ {\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots} \\ {a_{m 1} x_{1}+a_{m 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{m n} x_{n}=b_{m}}\end{array}\right.
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧a11x1+a12x2+⋯+a1nxn=b1a21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn=b2………………………am1x1+am2x2+⋯+amnxn=bm
A
x
=
b
\mathbf{A x}=\mathbf{b}
Ax=b
A
=
[
a
11
a
12
⋯
a
1
n
a
21
a
22
⋯
a
2
n
…
…
…
…
…
a
m
1
a
m
2
⋯
a
m
n
]
x
=
[
x
1
x
2
⋮
x
n
]
,
b
=
[
b
1
b
2
⋮
b
m
]
\mathbf{A}=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {a_{12}} & {\cdots} & {a_{1 n}} \\ {a_{21}} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {a_{2 n}} \\ {\dots} & {\ldots \ldots} & {\ldots} & {\ldots} \\ {a_{m 1}} & {a_{m 2}} & {\cdots} & {a_{m n}}\end{array}\right] \mathbf{x}=\left[ \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}} \\ {x_{2}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {x_{n}}\end{array}\right], \mathbf{b}=\left[ \begin{array}{c}{b_{1}} \\ {b_{2}} \\ {\vdots} \\ {b_{m}}\end{array}\right]
A=⎣⎢⎢⎡a11a21…am1a12a22……am2⋯⋯…⋯a1na2n…amn⎦⎥⎥⎤x=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡x1x2⋮xn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤,b=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡b1b2⋮bm⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
矩阵转置
A
=
(
1
2
3
4
5
6
)
→
A
T
=
(
1
4
2
5
3
6
)
A=\left( \begin{array}{lll}{1} & {2} & {3} \\ {4} & {5} & {6}\end{array}\right) \quad \rightarrow \quad A^{T}=\left( \begin{array}{ll}{1} & {4} \\ {2} & {5} \\ {3} & {6}\end{array}\right)
A=(142536)→AT=⎝⎛123456⎠⎞
矩阵转置性质
(
A
T
)
T
=
A
\left(A^{T}\right)^{T}=A
(AT)T=A
(
A
B
)
T
=
B
T
A
T
(A B)^{T}=B^{T} A^{T}
(AB)T=BTAT
矩阵
A = [ − 1.3 0.6 20.4 5.5 9.7 − 6.2 ] \mathbf {A} ={\begin{bmatrix}-1.3&0.6\\20.4&5.5\\9.7&-6.2\end{bmatrix}} A=⎣⎡−1.320.49.70.65.5−6.2⎦⎤
A = [ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ] = ( a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ) = ( a i j ) ∈ R m × n . {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots &a_{2n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{m1}&a_{m2}&\cdots &a_{mn}\end{bmatrix}}=\left({\begin{array}{rrrr}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots &a_{2n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{m1}&a_{m2}&\cdots &a_{mn}\end{array}}\right)=\left(a_{ij}\right)\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}.} A=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎛a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎞=(aij)∈Rm×n.
单位矩阵(identity matrix, 有时候不确切的叫unit matrix)
I 1 = [ 1 ] , I 2 = [ 1 0 0 1 ] , I 3 = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] , ⋯ , I n = [ 1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 ⋯ 1 ] I_{1}={\begin{bmatrix}1\end{bmatrix}},\ I_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}},\ I_{3}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}},\ \cdots ,\ I_{n}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&\cdots &0\\0&1&0&\cdots &0\\0&0&1&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&0&0&\cdots &1\end{bmatrix}} I1=[1], I2=[1001], I3=⎣⎡100010001⎦⎤, ⋯, In=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡100⋮0010⋮0001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯000⋮1⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤
矩阵加法(Matrix addition)
A + B = [ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ] + [ b 11 b 12 ⋯ b 1 n b 21 b 22 ⋯ b 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ b m 1 b m 2 ⋯ b m n ] = [ a 11 + b 11 a 12 + b 12 ⋯ a 1 n + b 1 n a 21 + b 21 a 22 + b 22 ⋯ a 2 n + b 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a m 1 + b m 1 a m 2 + b m 2 ⋯ a m n + b m n ] {\begin{aligned}{\mathbf {A}}+{\mathbf {B}}&={\begin{bmatrix}a_{{11}}&a_{{12}}&\cdots &a_{{1n}}\\a_{{21}}&a_{{22}} &\cdots &a_{{2n}}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{{m1}}&a_{{m2}}&\cdots &a_{{mn}}\\\end {bmatrix}}+{\begin{bmatrix}b_{{11}}&b_{{12}}&\cdots &b_{{1n}}\\b_{{21}}&b_{{22}}&\cdots &b_{{2n}}\\\vdots & \vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\b_{{m1}}&b_{{m2}}&\cdots &b_{{mn}}\\\end{bmatrix}}\\&={\begin{bmatrix}a_{{11}}+b_{{11}} &a_{{12}}+b_{{12}}&\cdots &a_{{1n}}+b_{{1n}}\\a_{{21}}+b_{{21}}&a_{{22}}+b_{{22}}&\cdots &a_{{2n}}+b_{{2n}}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{{m1}}+b_{{m1}}&a_{{m2}}+b_{{m2}}&\cdots &a_{{mn}}+b_{{mn}}\\\end{bmatrix}}\\\end{aligned}}\,\! A+B=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a11a21⋮am1a12a22⋮am2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1na2n⋮amn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤+⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡b11b21⋮bm1b12b22⋮bm2⋯⋯⋱⋯b1nb2n⋮bmn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a11+b11a21+b21⋮am1+bm1a12+b12a22+b22⋮am2+bm2⋯⋯⋱⋯a1n+b1na2n+b2n⋮amn+bmn⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
矩阵乘法(Matrix multiplication)
1 Row vector 和 column vector相乘
A
=
(
a
b
c
)
,
B
=
(
x
y
z
)
,
\mathbf {A} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\end{pmatrix}}\,,\quad \mathbf {B} ={\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}\,,
A=(abc),B=⎝⎛xyz⎠⎞,
A B = ( a b c ) ( x y z ) = a x + b y + c z , \mathbf {AB} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}=ax+by+cz\,, AB=(abc)⎝⎛xyz⎠⎞=ax+by+cz,
B A = ( x y z ) ( a b c ) = ( x a x b x c y a y b y c z a z b z c ) . \mathbf {BA} ={\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}xa&xb&xc\\ya&yb&yc\\za&zb&zc\end{pmatrix}}\,. BA=⎝⎛xyz⎠⎞(abc)=⎝⎛xayazaxbybzbxcyczc⎠⎞.
2 Square matrix 和 column vector 相乘
A = ( a b c p q r u v w ) , B = ( x y z ) , \mathbf {A} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\\p&q&r\\u&v&w\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathbf {B} ={\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end {pmatrix}}\,, A=⎝⎛apubqvcrw⎠⎞,B=⎝⎛xyz⎠⎞,
A B = ( a b c p q r u v w ) ( x y z ) = ( a x + b y + c z p x + q y + r z u x + v y + w z ) , \mathbf {AB} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\\p&q&r\\u&v&w\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}ax+by+cz\\px+qy+rz\\ux+vy+wz\end{pmatrix}}\,, AB=⎝⎛apubqvcrw⎠⎞⎝⎛xyz⎠⎞=⎝⎛ax+by+czpx+qy+rzux+vy+wz⎠⎞,
BA没有定义
3 square matrix和square matrix相乘
matrix的复数是metrices
A = ( a b c p q r u v w ) , B = ( α β γ λ μ ν ρ σ τ ) , \mathbf {A} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\\p&q&r\\u&v&w\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathbf {B} ={\begin{pmatrix}\alpha &\beta &\gamma \\\lambda &\mu &\nu \\\rho &\sigma &\tau \\\end{pmatrix}}\,, A=⎝⎛apubqvcrw⎠⎞,B=⎝⎛αλρβμσγντ⎠⎞,
A B = ( a b c p q r u v w ) ( α β γ λ μ ν ρ σ τ ) = ( a α + b λ + c ρ a β + b μ + c σ a γ + b ν + c τ p α + q λ + r ρ p β + q μ + r σ p γ + q ν + r τ u α + v λ + w ρ u β + v μ + w σ u γ + v ν + w τ ) , \mathbf {AB} ={\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\\p&q&r\\u&v&w\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\alpha &\beta &\gamma \\\lambda &\mu &\nu \\\rho &\sigma &\tau \\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}a\alpha +b\lambda +c\rho &a\beta +b\mu +c\sigma &a\gamma +b\nu +c\tau \\p\alpha +q\lambda +r\rho &p\beta +q\mu +r\sigma &p\gamma +q\nu +r\tau \\u\alpha +v\lambda +w\rho &u\beta +v\mu +w\sigma &u\gamma +v\nu +w\tau \end{pmatrix}}\,, AB=⎝⎛apubqvcrw⎠⎞⎝⎛αλρβμσγντ⎠⎞=⎝⎛aα+bλ+cρpα+qλ+rρuα+vλ+wρaβ+bμ+cσpβ+qμ+rσuβ+vμ+wσaγ+bν+cτpγ+qν+rτuγ+vν+wτ⎠⎞,
B A = ( α β γ λ μ ν ρ σ τ ) ( a b c p q r u v w ) = ( α a + β p + γ u α b + β q + γ v α c + β r + γ w λ a + μ p + ν u λ b + μ q + ν v λ c + μ r + ν w ρ a + σ p + τ u ρ b + σ q + τ v ; ρ c + σ r + τ w ) . \mathbf {BA} ={\begin{pmatrix}\alpha &\beta &\gamma \\\lambda &\mu &\nu \\\rho &\sigma &\tau \\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}a&b&c\\p&q&r\\u&v&w\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\alpha a+\beta p+\gamma u&\alpha b+\beta q+\gamma v&\alpha c+\beta r+\gamma w\\\lambda a+\mu p+\nu u&\lambda b+\mu q+\nu v&\lambda c+\mu r+\nu w\\\rho a+\sigma p+\tau u&\rho b+\sigma q+\tau v&;\rho c+\sigma r+\tau w\end{pmatrix}}\,. BA=⎝⎛αλρβμσγντ⎠⎞⎝⎛apubqvcrw⎠⎞=⎝⎛αa+βp+γuλa+μp+νuρa+σp+τuαb+βq+γvλb+μq+νvρb+σq+τvαc+βr+γwλc+μr+νw;ρc+σr+τw⎠⎞.
对角矩阵 diagonal matrix
是一个主对角线之外的元素皆为0的矩阵。对角线上的元素可以为0或其他值
(
a
0
0
0
b
0
0
0
c
)
\left( \begin{array}{lll}{a} & {0} & {0} \\ {0} & {b} & {0} \\ {0} & {0} & {c}\end{array}\right)
⎝⎛a000b000c⎠⎞
如果有n项这样表示
A
=
[
a
11
0
⋯
0
0
a
22
⋯
0
⋮
⋮
⋱
⋮
0
0
⋯
a
n
n
]
A=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {0} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {0} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {0} & {0} & {\cdots} & {a_{n n}}\end{array}\right]
A=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a110⋮00a22⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮ann⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
对角矩阵的逆(Inverse of Diagonal Matrix)
D
=
[
a
11
0
⋯
0
0
a
22
⋯
0
⋮
⋮
⋱
⋮
0
0
⋯
a
n
n
]
\mathbf{D}=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{a_{11}} & {0} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {0} & {a_{22}} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {0} & {0} & {\cdots} & {a_{n n}}\end{array}\right]
D=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a110⋮00a22⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮ann⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
D
−
1
=
[
1
a
11
0
⋯
0
0
1
a
22
⋯
0
⋮
⋮
⋱
⋮
0
0
⋯
1
a
n
n
]
\mathbf{D}^{-1}=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{\frac{1}{a_{11}}} & {0} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {0} & {\frac{1}{a_{22}}} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {0} & {0} & {\cdots} & {\frac{1}{a_{n n}}}\end{array}\right]
D−1=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡a1110⋮00a221⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮ann1⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
对称矩阵(symmetric matrix)
是一个方形矩阵,其转置矩阵和自身相等。
A
=
A
T
A=A^{\mathrm{T}}
A=AT
a
i
j
=
a
j
i
a_{i j}=a_{j i}
aij=aji
A
=
(
a
i
j
)
A=\left(a_{i j}\right)
A=(aij)
3×3的对称矩阵
[
1
2
3
2
4
−
5
3
−
5
6
]
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}{1} & {2} & {3} \\ {2} & {4} & {-5} \\ {3} & {-5} & {6}\end{array}\right]
⎣⎡12324−53−56⎦⎤
斜对称矩阵(skew-symmetric matrix)
其他名字 ,反对称矩阵(antisymmetric matrix):
反对称矩阵(或称斜对称矩阵)是一个方形矩阵,其转置矩阵和自身的加法逆元相等
A
⊤
=
−
A
A^{\top}=-A
A⊤=−A
[
0
2
−
1
−
2
0
−
4
1
4
0
]
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}{0} & {2} & {-1} \\ {-2} & {0} & {-4} \\ {1} & {4} & {0}\end{array}\right]
⎣⎡0−21204−1−40⎦⎤
加法逆元的解释
对于一个任意数n,存在加法逆元(Additive Inverse,又称相反数),其与n的和为零(加法单位元)。n的加法逆元表示为-n。
在实数范围内,一个数x的相反数-x,被称为其加法逆元;相对地,一个数x的倒数1/x,则被称为其乘法逆元。
在线性代数中, n n n阶单位矩阵,是一个 n × n n\times n n×n的方形矩阵,其主对角线元素为1,其余元素为0。单位矩阵以 I n I_n In表示;如果阶数可忽略,或可由前后文确定的话,也可简记为 I(或者E)。(在部分领域中,如量子力学,单位矩阵是以粗体字的1表示,否则无法与 I作区别。)
I 1 = [ 1 ] , I 2 = [ 1 0 0 1 ] , I 3 = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] , ⋯ , I n = [ 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ 1 ] I_{1}=[1], I_{2}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}{1} & {0} \\ {0} & {1}\end{array}\right], I_{3}=\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}{1} & {0} & {0} \\ {0} & {1} & {0} \\ {0} & {0} & {1}\end{array}\right], \cdots, I_{n}=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}{1} & {0} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {0} & {1} & {\cdots} & {0} \\ {\vdots} & {\vdots} & {\ddots} & {\vdots} \\ {0} & {0} & {\cdots} & {1}\end{array}\right] I1=[1],I2=[1001],I3=⎣⎡100010001⎦⎤,⋯,In=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡10⋮001⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮1⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤
参考资料
《绕来绕去的向量法》- 作者:张景中 彭翕成