MIPS汇编语言参考

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-27 09:00:00 发布
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MIPS Instruction Reference

This is a description of the MIPS instruction set, their meanings, syntax, semantics, and bit encodings. The syntax given for each instruction refers to the assembly language syntax supported by the MIPS assembler. Hyphens in the encoding indicate "don't care" bits which are not considered when an instruction is being decoded.

General purpose registers (GPRs) are indicated with a dollar sign ($). The words SWORD and UWORD refer to 32-bit signed and 32-bit unsigned data types, respectively.

The manner in which the processor executes an instruction and advances its program counters is as follows:

  1. execute the instruction at PC
  2. copy nPC to PC
  3. add 4 or the branch offset to nPC

This behavior is indicated in the instruction specifications below. For brevity, the function advance_pc (int) is used in many of the instruction descriptions. This function is defined as follows:

 
void advance_pc (SWORD offset)
{
    PC  =  nPC;
   nPC  += offset;
}

Note: ALL arithmetic immediate values are sign-extended. After that, they are handled as signed or unsigned 32 bit numbers, depending upon the instruction. The only difference between signed and unsigned instructions is that signed instructions can generate an overflow exception and unsigned instructions can not.

The instruction descriptions are given below:

ADD – Add (with overflow)

Description:

Adds two registers and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$d = $s + $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

add $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0000

ADDI -- Add immediate (with overflow)

Description:

Adds a register and a sign-extended immediate value and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$t = $s + imm; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

addi $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0010 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

ADDIU -- Add immediate unsigned (no overflow)

Description:

Adds a register and a sign-extended immediate value and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$t = $s + imm; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

addiu $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0010 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

ADDU -- Add unsigned (no overflow)

Description:

Adds two registers and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$d = $s + $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

addu $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0001

AND -- Bitwise and

Description:

Bitwise ands two registers and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$d = $s & $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

and $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0100

ANDI -- Bitwise and immediate

Description:

Bitwise ands a register and an immediate value and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$t = $s & imm; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

andi $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0011 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

BEQ -- Branch on equal

Description:

Branches if the two registers are equal

Operation:

if $s == $t advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

beq $s, $t, offset

Encoding:

0001 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGEZ -- Branch on greater than or equal to zero

Description:

Branches if the register is greater than or equal to zero

Operation:

if $s >= 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bgez $s, offset

Encoding:

0000 01ss sss0 0001 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGEZAL -- Branch on greater than or equal to zero and link

Description:

Branches if the register is greater than or equal to zero and saves the return address in $31

Operation:

if $s >= 0 $31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bgezal $s, offset

Encoding:

0000 01ss sss1 0001 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGTZ -- Branch on greater than zero

Description:

Branches if the register is greater than zero

Operation:

if $s > 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bgtz $s, offset

Encoding:

0001 11ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLEZ -- Branch on less than or equal to zero

Description:

Branches if the register is less than or equal to zero

Operation:

if $s <= 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

blez $s, offset

Encoding:

0001 10ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLTZ -- Branch on less than zero

Description:

Branches if the register is less than zero

Operation:

if $s < 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bltz $s, offset

Encoding:

0000 01ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLTZAL -- Branch on less than zero and link

Description:

Branches if the register is less than zero and saves the return address in $31

Operation:

if $s < 0 $31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bltzal $s, offset

Encoding:

0000 01ss sss1 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BNE -- Branch on not equal

Description:

Branches if the two registers are not equal

Operation:

if $s != $t advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

bne $s, $t, offset

Encoding:

0001 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

DIV -- Divide

Description:

Divides $s by $t and stores the quotient in $LO and the remainder in $HI

Operation:

$LO = $s / $t; $HI = $s % $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

div $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1010

DIVU -- Divide unsigned

Description:

Divides $s by $t and stores the quotient in $LO and the remainder in $HI

Operation:

$LO = $s / $t; $HI = $s % $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

divu $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1011

J -- Jump

Description:

Jumps to the calculated address

Operation:

PC = nPC; nPC = (PC & 0xf0000000) | (target << 2);

Syntax:

j target

Encoding:

0000 10ii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii

JAL -- Jump and link

Description:

Jumps to the calculated address and stores the return address in $31

Operation:

$31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); PC = nPC; nPC = (PC & 0xf0000000) | (target << 2);

Syntax:

jal target

Encoding:

0000 11ii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii

JR -- Jump register

Description:

Jump to the address contained in register $s

Operation:

PC = nPC; nPC = $s;

Syntax:

jr $s

Encoding:

0000 00ss sss0 0000 0000 0000 0000 1000

LB -- Load byte

Description:

A byte is loaded into a register from the specified address.

Operation:

$t = MEM[$s + offset]; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

lb $t, offset($s)

Encoding:

1000 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

LUI -- Load upper immediate

Description:

The immediate value is shifted left 16 bits and stored in the register. The lower 16 bits are zeroes.

Operation:

$t = (imm << 16); advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

lui $t, imm

Encoding:

0011 11-- ---t tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

LW -- Load word

Description:

A word is loaded into a register from the specified address.

Operation:

$t = MEM[$s + offset]; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

lw $t, offset($s)

Encoding:

1000 11ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

MFHI -- Move from HI

Description:

The contents of register HI are moved to the specified register.

Operation:

$d = $HI; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

mfhi $d

Encoding:

0000 0000 0000 0000 dddd d000 0001 0000

MFLO -- Move from LO

Description:

The contents of register LO are moved to the specified register.

Operation:

$d = $LO; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

mflo $d

Encoding:

0000 0000 0000 0000 dddd d000 0001 0010

MULT -- Multiply

Description:

Multiplies $s by $t and stores the result in $LO.

Operation:

$LO = $s * $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

mult $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1000

MULTU -- Multiply unsigned

Description:

Multiplies $s by $t and stores the result in $LO.

Operation:

$LO = $s * $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

multu $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1001

NOOP -- no operation

Description:

Performs no operation.

Operation:

advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

noop

Encoding:

0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000


Note: The encoding for a NOOP represents the instruction SLL $0, $0, 0 which has no side effects. In fact, nearly every instruction that has $0 as its destination register will have no side effect and can thus be considered a NOOP instruction.

OR -- Bitwise or

Description:

Bitwise logical ors two registers and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$d = $s | $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

or $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0101

ORI -- Bitwise or immediate

Description:

Bitwise ors a register and an immediate value and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$t = $s | imm; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

ori $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0011 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SB -- Store byte

Description:

The least significant byte of $t is stored at the specified address.

Operation:

MEM[$s + offset] = (0xff & $t); advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sb $t, offset($s)

Encoding:

1010 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLL -- Shift left logical

Description:

Shifts a register value left by the shift amount listed in the instruction and places the result in a third register. Zeroes are shifted in.

Operation:

$d = $t << h; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sll $d, $t, h

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0000

SLLV -- Shift left logical variable

Description:

Shifts a register value left by the value in a second register and places the result in a third register. Zeroes are shifted in.

Operation:

$d = $t << $s; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sllv $d, $t, $s

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d--- --00 0100

SLT -- Set on less than (signed)

Description:

If $s is less than $t, $d is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.

Operation:

if $s < $t $d = 1; advance_pc (4); else $d = 0; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

slt $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 1010

SLTI -- Set on less than immediate (signed)

Description:

If $s is less than immediate, $t is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.

Operation:

if $s < imm $t = 1; advance_pc (4); else $t = 0; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

slti $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0010 10ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLTIU -- Set on less than immediate unsigned

Description:

If $s is less than the unsigned immediate, $t is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.

Operation:

if $s < imm $t = 1; advance_pc (4); else $t = 0; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sltiu $t, $s, imm

Encoding:

0010 11ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLTU -- Set on less than unsigned

Description:

If $s is less than $t, $d is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.

Operation:

if $s < $t $d = 1; advance_pc (4); else $d = 0; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sltu $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 1011

SRA -- Shift right arithmetic

Description:

Shifts a register value right by the shift amount (shamt) and places the value in the destination register. The sign bit is shifted in.

Operation:

$d = $t >> h; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sra $d, $t, h

Encoding:

0000 00-- ---t tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0011

SRL -- Shift right logical

Description:

Shifts a register value right by the shift amount (shamt) and places the value in the destination register. Zeroes are shifted in.

Operation:

$d = $t >> h; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

srl $d, $t, h

Encoding:

0000 00-- ---t tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0010

SRLV -- Shift right logical variable

Description:

Shifts a register value right by the amount specified in $s and places the value in the destination register. Zeroes are shifted in.

Operation:

$d = $t >> $s; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

srlv $d, $t, $s

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0000 0110

SUB -- Subtract

Description:

Subtracts two registers and stores the result in a register

Operation:

$d = $s - $t; advance_pc (4);

Syntax:

sub $d, $s, $t

Encoding:

0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0010

SUBU -- Subtract unsigned

Description:

Subtracts two registers and

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mips汇编语言例题
05-29
以下是一个简单的 MIPS 汇编语言例题，用于将两个输入的整数相加并输出结果： ``` .data input1: .word 0 input2: .word 0 output: .word 0 .text .globl main main: # Prompt for input 1 li $v0, 4 la $a0, prompt1 syscall # Read input 1 li $v0, 5 syscall sw $v0, input1 # Prompt for input 2 li $v0, 4 la $a0, prompt2 syscall # Read input 2 li $v0, 5 syscall sw $v0, input2 # Add inputs and store result lw $t0, input1 lw $t1, input2 add $t2, $t0, $t1 sw $t2, output # Print result li $v0, 4 la $a0, prompt3 syscall lw $a0, output li $v0, 1 syscall # Exit program li $v0, 10 syscall # Data section prompt1: .asciiz "Enter the first integer: " prompt2: .asciiz "Enter the second integer: " prompt3: .asciiz "The sum is: " ``` 在这个例子中，`.data` 段中定义了三个变量：`input1`，`input2` 和 `output`，分别用于存储用户输入的两个整数和它们的和。`.text` 段中的 `main` 函数依次执行以下操作： 1. 调用 `syscall` 显示提示信息 "Enter the first integer: " 并读取第一个整数，并将其存储到 `input1` 变量中。 2. 调用 `syscall` 显示提示信息 "Enter the second integer: " 并读取第二个整数，并将其存储到 `input2` 变量中。 3. 将 `input1` 和 `input2` 中的值相加，并将结果存储到 `output` 变量中。 4. 调用 `syscall` 显示提示信息 "The sum is: " 并将 `output` 中的值打印到屏幕上。 5. 调用 `syscall` 退出程序。 注意，这个例子中的 `syscall` 函数是 MIPS 汇编语言中的系统调用，用于执行诸如读取输入、打印输出、退出程序等操作。具体的系统调用编号和参数传递方式可以参考 MIPS 汇编语言的文档。

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