一 n阶行列式
∣ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a n 1 a n 2 ⋯ a n n ∣ \begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\\\end{vmatrix} a11a21⋯an1a12a22⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1na2n⋯ann n 2 n^2 n2个数,取不同行不同列数乘积的和或差,成为n阶行列式,记作 D n D_n Dn
D n = ∑ ( − 1 ) τ ( p 1 p 2 ⋯ p n ) a a 1 p 1 a a 2 p 3 ⋯ a a n p n ( n ! 项的和或差 ) D_n=\sum(-1)^{\tau(p_1p_2\cdots p_n)}a_{a_1p_1}a_{a_2p_3}\cdots a_{a_np_n}(n!项的和或差) Dn=∑(−1)τ(p1p2⋯pn)aa1p1aa2p3⋯aanpn(n!项的和或差)
p 1 p 2 ⋯ p n 为 12 ⋅ n p_1p_2\cdots p_n为1 2 \cdot n p1p2⋯pn为12⋅n的全排列
D n = ∑ ( − 1 ) τ ( q 1 q 2 ⋯ q n ) a q 1 1 a q 2 2 ⋯ a q n n ( n ! 项的和或差 ) D_n=\sum(-1)^{\tau(q_1q_2\cdots q_n)}a_{q_11}a_{q_22}\cdots a_{q_nn}(n!项的和或差) Dn=∑(−1)τ(q1q2⋯qn)aq11aq22⋯aqnn(n!项的和或差)
q 1 q 2 ⋯ q n 为 12 ⋅ n q_1q_2\cdots q_n为1 2 \cdot n q1q2⋯qn为12⋅n的全排列
二 三阶行列式
三阶行列式
∣
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
∣
\begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\\\end{vmatrix}
a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33
∣
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
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a
33
∣
=
a
11
a
22
a
33
−
a
11
a
23
a
32
+
a
12
a
23
a
31
−
a
12
a
21
a
33
+
a
13
a
21
a
32
−
a
12
a
22
a
31
\begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\\\end{vmatrix}=\\ a_{11}a_{22}a_{33}-a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}+a_{12}a_{23}a_{31}-a_{12}a_{21}a_{33}+a_{13}a_{21}a_{32}-a_{12}a_{22}a_{31}
a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33
=a11a22a33−a11a23a32+a12a23a31−a12a21a33+a13a21a32−a12a22a31
三阶行列式对角线法则:三条实线看做是平行于主对角线的连线,三条虚线看做是平行于副对角线的连线,实线上三元素的乘积为正好,虚线上三元素的乘积为负号。
例 计算
D
=
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1
2
−
4
−
2
2
1
−
3
4
−
2
∣
D=\begin{vmatrix}1&2&-4\\-2&2&1\\-3&4&-2\\\end{vmatrix}
D=
1−2−3224−41−2
∣
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4
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2
2
1
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4
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2
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=
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4
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4
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8
+
32
−
24
=
−
14
\begin{vmatrix}1&2&-4\\-2&2&1\\-3&4&-2\\\end{vmatrix}=\\ -4-4-6-8+32-24\\ =-14
1−2−3224−41−2
=−4−4−6−8+32−24=−14
例 解方程
∣
1
1
1
2
3
x
4
9
x
2
∣
=
0
\begin{vmatrix}1&1&1\\2&3&x\\4&9&x^2\\\end{vmatrix}=0
1241391xx2
=0
D
=
3
x
2
−
9
x
+
4
x
−
2
x
2
+
18
−
12
=
x
2
−
5
x
+
6
=
0
x
=
2
或者
x
=
3
D=3x^2-9x+4x-2x^2+18-12=\\ x^2-5x+6=0\\ x=2或者x=3
D=3x2−9x+4x−2x2+18−12=x2−5x+6=0x=2或者x=3
注:
- 四阶行列式总共 4 ! = 24 项 4!=24项 4!=24项;五阶行列式总共120项……因此对角线法则只适用于二、三阶行列式的计算。
- 一节行列式 ∣ − 2 ∣ = − 2 \begin{vmatrix}-2\end{vmatrix}=-2 −2 =−2
三 特殊行列式
例
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a
11
a
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a
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a
14
0
a
22
a
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a
24
0
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a
33
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0
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a
44
∣
\begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}&a_{14}\\0&a_{22}&a_{23}&a_{24}\\0&0&a_{33}&a_{34}\\0&0&0&a_{44}\end{vmatrix}
a11000a12a2200a13a23a330a14a24a34a44
D
=
a
11
a
22
a
33
a
44
D=a_{11}a_{22}a_{33}a_{44}
D=a11a22a33a44
推广:
∣
a
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a
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⋯
a
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n
0
a
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⋯
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n
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⋯
⋯
⋯
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n
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=
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⋯
a
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n
\begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\0&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\0&0&0&a_{nn}\end{vmatrix}=a_{11}a_{22}\cdots a_{nn}
a110⋯0a12a22⋯0⋯⋯⋯0a1na2n⋯ann
=a11a22⋯ann,称为上山角行列式。
推广: ∣ a 11 0 ⋯ 0 a 21 a 22 ⋯ 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a n 1 a n 2 ⋯ a n n ∣ = a 11 a 22 ⋯ a n n \begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&0&\cdots&0\\a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&0\\\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{vmatrix}=a_{11}a_{22}\cdots a_{nn} a11a21⋯an10a22⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯00⋯ann =a11a22⋯ann,称为下山角行列式。
特别地: ∣ a 11 a 22 ⋯ a n n ∣ = a 11 a 22 ⋯ a n n \begin{vmatrix}a_{11}\\&a_{22}\\&&\cdots\\&&&a_{nn}\end{vmatrix}=a_{11}a_{22}\cdots a_{nn} a11a22⋯ann =a11a22⋯ann称为对角行列式。
例:
f
(
x
)
=
∣
x
1
1
2
1
x
1
−
1
3
2
x
1
1
1
2
x
1
∣
中
x
3
f(x)=\begin{vmatrix}x&1&1&2\\1&x&1&-1\\3&2&x&1\\1&1&2x&1\end{vmatrix}中x^3
f(x)=
x1311x2111x2x2−111
中x3的系数
通过观察有
x
3
的项只有两项
x
⋅
x
⋅
x
⋅
1
−
x
⋅
x
⋅
1
⋅
2
x
=
−
x
3
所以
x
3
的系数为
−
1
通过观察有x^3的项只有两项\\ x\cdot x\cdot x\cdot1-x\cdot x\cdot1\cdot 2x=-x^3\\ 所以x^3的系数为-1
通过观察有x3的项只有两项x⋅x⋅x⋅1−x⋅x⋅1⋅2x=−x3所以x3的系数为−1
推广: ∣ 0 0 ⋯ a 1 n 0 ⋯ a 2 n − 1 a 2 n ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a n 1 a n 2 ⋯ a n n ∣ = ( − 1 ) n ( n − 1 ) 2 a 1 n a 2 n − 1 ⋯ a n 1 \begin{vmatrix}0&0&\cdots&a_{1n}\\0&\cdots&a_{2n-1}&a_{2n}\\\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{vmatrix}=(-1)^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}a_{1n}a_{2n-1}\cdots a_{n1} 00⋯an10⋯⋯an2⋯a2n−1⋯⋯a1na2n⋯ann =(−1)2n(n−1)a1na2n−1⋯an1称为反下山角行列式。
推广: ∣ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 ⋯ a 2 n − 1 a 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a n 1 0 ⋯ 0 ∣ = ( − 1 ) n ( n − 1 ) 2 a 1 n a 2 n − 1 ⋯ a n 1 \begin{vmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\a_{21}&\cdots&a_{2n-1}&a_{0}\\\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\a_{n1}&0&\cdots&0\end{vmatrix}=(-1)^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}a_{1n}a_{2n-1}\cdots a_{n1} a11a21⋯an1a12⋯⋯0⋯a2n−1⋯⋯a1na0⋯0 =(−1)2n(n−1)a1na2n−1⋯an1称为反上三角行列式。
推广: ∣ a 1 n a 2 n − 1 ⋯ a n 1 ∣ = ( − 1 ) n ( n − 1 ) 2 a 1 n a 2 n − 1 ⋯ a n 1 \begin{vmatrix}&&&a_{1n}\\&&a_{2n-1}\\&&\cdots\\a_{n1}&&&\end{vmatrix}=(-1)^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}a_{1n}a_{2n-1}\cdots a_{n1} an1a2n−1⋯a1n =(−1)2n(n−1)a1na2n−1⋯an1称为反对角行列式。
结语
❓QQ:806797785
⭐️文档笔记地址:https://gitee.com/gaogzhen/math
参考:
[1]同济大学数学系.工程数学.线性代数 第6版 [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.6.p4-5.
[2]同济六版《线性代数》全程教学视频[CP/OL].2020-02-07.p3.