Python单例模式-实现方式

什么是单例模式

单例模式是用于确保类有一个实例的情况。常见的使用场景有数据库的连接对象
实现方式:

• 使用方法__new__()实现
• 单例装饰器
• 使用Metaclass

Example:

使用方法__new__()

class SingleDatabase:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance


single_database1 = SingleDatabase()
single_database2 = SingleDatabase()

print(id(single_database1))
print(id(single_database2))

单例装饰器方式

def singleton(class_):
    instances = {}

    def get_instance(*args, **kwargs):
        # 需要单例化的类实例不在字典中则实例一个并存放在instances字典中
        if class_ not in instances:
            instances[class_] = class_(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[class_]
    return get_instance


@singleton
class DummyDatabase:

    def __int__(self):
        print('Load database')


dummy_database1 = DummyDatabase()
dummy_database2 = DummyDatabase()
print(id(dummy_database1))
print(id(dummy_database2))

Metaclass

class Singleton(type):
    _instance = {}

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instance:
            cls._instance[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance[cls]


class DummyDatabase(metaclass=Singleton):

    def __int__(self):
        print('Load database')


dummy_database1 = DummyDatabase()
dummy_database2 = DummyDatabase()
print(id(dummy_database1))
print(id(dummy_database2))